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Questions and Answers
What is the greatest cause of infectious deaths among international travelers?
What is a key precaution for avoiding insect bites from night-time biters?
What are common symptoms of spider bites according to the text?
How can one find scorpions in the context provided?
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What is the recommended treatment for snakebite management according to the text?
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Which water treatment method involves using halogens?
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How can one identify that bottled water may have been resealed?
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What is a common symptom of spider bites according to the text?
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What is a key indication for Simian B Virus Post-Exposure Prophylaxis?
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What is a common symptom of scorpion stings as mentioned in the text?
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Study Notes
Water and Hygiene
- Even bottled water can be unsafe in some countries
- Ways to treat water: heat, coagulation-flocculation, filtration, halogens, chlorine dioxide, ultraviolets
- Water bottle challenge: turn the bottle over and squeeze; if water or cap comes out, probably resealed
Infections and Diseases
- Top 5 causes of death in international travelers: malaria is the greatest cause of infectious deaths
- Snakebites: presentation varies per species, treatment includes supportive care, species-specific antivenin, and tetanus and bacterial prophylaxis
- Spider bites: causes necrosis, muscle spasms, renal failure, liver failure, hemolysis; treatment is supportive
- Scorpion stings: causes hyper-neuromuscular-autonomic functions, cytokine storm; treatment is supportive, antivenom available for Leiurus and Centruroides
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- High-Altitude Conditions (>2,500m): describe key clinical and epidemiologic features of major bacterial STIs
- HIV transmission: having STIs increases risk of acquiring HIV by 2-3 fold
- Taking a sexual health history: ask specific questions, such as when the last time was for sexual activity, testing, and partner information
Syphilis
- Rates have been increasing since the 1990s, with a higher prevalence in males, especially middle-aged males
- Primary Syphilis: painless ulcer at site of inoculation, can resolve on its own, and may contribute to genetic ulcer disease
- Secondary Syphilis: bacteria spreads all over the body
- Congenital Syphilis: acquired from infected mother to baby, emphasizing the importance of pre-natal screening
- Neurosyphilis: can complicate any stage of syphilis, diagnosed via lumbar puncture and CSF VDRL or FTA-Abs positive
Diagnosis of Syphilis
- Screening test: Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) looks for antibodies
- Confirmatory tests: Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) confirms diagnosis and gives quantitative titre
Diarrhea
- Non-inflammatory: affects small bowel, presents as large volume, watery diarrhea, may include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps
- Inflammatory: affects large bowel, presents as bloody, mucoid, small volume diarrhea, may be febrile/toxic
- Invasive: affects small bowel, presents as systemic symptoms common, may or may not be associated with diarrhea
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Description
Explore the key clinical and epidemiologic features of major bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like Syphilis, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea, along with the increased risk of acquiring HIV with STIs. Learn about how HIV transmission is facilitated by STIs through breaking down the mucosal layer and clustering immune cells.
