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Questions and Answers
What is the causative agent of Chlamydia?
What is the causative agent of Chlamydia?
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Chlamydia trachomatis (correct)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Treponema pallidum
What is the morphology of Chlamydia?
What is the morphology of Chlamydia?
- Gram negative spirochete
- Gram negative coccobacillus (correct)
- Gram positive bacillus
- Gram positive cocci
Which sexually transmitted infection is most frequently reported in the USA?
Which sexually transmitted infection is most frequently reported in the USA?
- Trichomoniasis
- Syphilis
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia (correct)
How is Chlamydia primarily transmitted?
How is Chlamydia primarily transmitted?
Who is at the greatest risk for chlamydia?
Who is at the greatest risk for chlamydia?
What is the gold standard diagnostic testing for Chlamydia?
What is the gold standard diagnostic testing for Chlamydia?
From which of the following can a specimen be collected for Chlamydia testing?
From which of the following can a specimen be collected for Chlamydia testing?
Why is testing for gonorrhea done at the same time as chlamydia?
Why is testing for gonorrhea done at the same time as chlamydia?
What is the recommended timing for retesting for chlamydia after treatment?
What is the recommended timing for retesting for chlamydia after treatment?
Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of chlamydia?
Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of chlamydia?
What is the alternative antibiotic used in the treatment of chlamydia if someone is allergic to azithromycin?
What is the alternative antibiotic used in the treatment of chlamydia if someone is allergic to azithromycin?
What are the potential complications of untreated chlamydia?
What are the potential complications of untreated chlamydia?
What is a potential risk factor associated with chlamydia during pregnancy?
What is a potential risk factor associated with chlamydia during pregnancy?
Which of the following clinical signs is associated with chlamydia?
Which of the following clinical signs is associated with chlamydia?
How is gonorrhea primarily transmitted?
How is gonorrhea primarily transmitted?
Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of gonorrhea?
Which antibiotic is commonly used in the treatment of gonorrhea?
What is the potential life-threatening complication associated with disseminated gonorrhea?
What is the potential life-threatening complication associated with disseminated gonorrhea?
What is the morphology of Neisseria gonorrhea, the bacterium causing gonorrhea?
What is the morphology of Neisseria gonorrhea, the bacterium causing gonorrhea?
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
What is the common name for the bacteria Treponema pallidum?
What is the common name for the bacteria Treponema pallidum?
Which of the following best describes the characteristic of the initial primary lesion in syphilis?
Which of the following best describes the characteristic of the initial primary lesion in syphilis?
If the chancre heals but the syphilis infection is left untreated, what will happen?
If the chancre heals but the syphilis infection is left untreated, what will happen?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of secondary syphilis?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of secondary syphilis?
What is the diagnostic test for syphilis?
What is the diagnostic test for syphilis?
What is the screening test for syphilis?
What is the screening test for syphilis?
Which of the following internal organ damages is most commonly associated with tertiary syphilis?
Which of the following internal organ damages is most commonly associated with tertiary syphilis?
What is the characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis?
What is the characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis?
Which of the following neurological manifestations is associated with tertiary syphilis?
Which of the following neurological manifestations is associated with tertiary syphilis?
One has complete immunity after having syphilis.
One has complete immunity after having syphilis.
What is the primary treatment for syphilis?
What is the primary treatment for syphilis?
What is the gold standard diagnostic testing for syphilis?
What is the gold standard diagnostic testing for syphilis?
How is genital herpes primarily transmitted?
How is genital herpes primarily transmitted?
What is the characteristic presentation of genital herpes?
What is the characteristic presentation of genital herpes?
What is the causative agent of genital herpes?
What is the causative agent of genital herpes?
What is the condition as seen in the photo?
What is the condition as seen in the photo?
What is the recommended dosage of valacyclovir for the treatment of herpes?
What is the recommended dosage of valacyclovir for the treatment of herpes?
What is the treatment duration for acyclovir in the management of herpes?
What is the treatment duration for acyclovir in the management of herpes?
Which medication is prescribed at a dosage of 250mg three times daily for the treatment of herpes?
Which medication is prescribed at a dosage of 250mg three times daily for the treatment of herpes?
Which types of HPV are responsible for the majority of HPV-caused cancers?
Which types of HPV are responsible for the majority of HPV-caused cancers?
Which types of HPV are responsible for the majority of HPV-caused genital warts?
Which types of HPV are responsible for the majority of HPV-caused genital warts?
In the USA, what is the most common sexually transmitted infection?
In the USA, what is the most common sexually transmitted infection?
Which virus is prevented with the Gardasil-9 vaccine?
Which virus is prevented with the Gardasil-9 vaccine?
What type of genetic material encodes the genes of HIV?
What type of genetic material encodes the genes of HIV?
Which type of virus is HIV?
Which type of virus is HIV?
How is HIV not transmitted?
How is HIV not transmitted?
Which cells does HIV infect?
Which cells does HIV infect?
What is the median time to development of AIDS without treatment for HIV?
What is the median time to development of AIDS without treatment for HIV?
What is the initial screening test for HIV?
What is the initial screening test for HIV?
Which of the following tests is used to confirm HIV infection after a positive ELISA test?
Which of the following tests is used to confirm HIV infection after a positive ELISA test?
What is the recommended age group for HIV screening according to CDC?
What is the recommended age group for HIV screening according to CDC?
What is the average time for an HIV antibody test to show as positive?
What is the average time for an HIV antibody test to show as positive?
What is the primary components of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?
What is the primary components of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?
What is the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on morbidity and mortality in HIV patients?
What is the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on morbidity and mortality in HIV patients?
What CD4 level indicates the development of AIDS in HIV patients?
What CD4 level indicates the development of AIDS in HIV patients?
In HIV patients, where is candidiasis most often seen?
In HIV patients, where is candidiasis most often seen?
At what CD4 count is candidiasis usually observed in HIV patients?
At what CD4 count is candidiasis usually observed in HIV patients?
What is the common treatment for Candidiasis?
What is the common treatment for Candidiasis?
Which organism is responsible for causing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)?
Which organism is responsible for causing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)?
What does a chest radiograph show in a clinical diagnosis for PJP?
What does a chest radiograph show in a clinical diagnosis for PJP?
Which stain or test is used for the definitive diagnosis of PJP?
Which stain or test is used for the definitive diagnosis of PJP?
What is the diagnosis according to the X-ray?
What is the diagnosis according to the X-ray?
What is the recommended dosage of Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for the treatment of PJP?
What is the recommended dosage of Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for the treatment of PJP?
What is the most common space-occupying CNS lesion in HIV-infected persons?
What is the most common space-occupying CNS lesion in HIV-infected persons?
Which lesions of Kaposi Sarcoma are characteristic of the condition?
Which lesions of Kaposi Sarcoma are characteristic of the condition?
What should be avoided to minimize the risk of toxoplasmosis?
What should be avoided to minimize the risk of toxoplasmosis?
In late-stage HIV patients, which opportunistic infection is most commonly associated with a low CD4 count <50?
In late-stage HIV patients, which opportunistic infection is most commonly associated with a low CD4 count <50?
What is the most common progression of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection?
What is the most common progression of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection?
What is the recommended treatment duration for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) with oral valganciclovir?
What is the recommended treatment duration for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) with oral valganciclovir?
What is the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) in preventing HIV transmission by sex?
What is the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) in preventing HIV transmission by sex?
Study Notes
Chlamydia
- Causative agent is Chlamydia trachomatis.
- Morphology: Gram-negative bacterium, typically appearing as small, spherical, and intracellular.
- Most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the USA.
- Primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
- Highest risk groups include sexually active young individuals, particularly those aged 15-24.
- Gold standard diagnostic testing is nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT).
- Specimens can be collected from urine, cervical swabs, urethral swabs, or rectal swabs.
- Gonorrhea testing is conducted simultaneously due to the high co-infection rate with Chlamydia.
- Retesting is recommended three months after treatment.
- Commonly used antibiotic for treatment is Azithromycin.
- Alternative antibiotic for those allergic to Azithromycin is Doxycycline.
- Potential complications of untreated Chlamydia include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and chronic pain.
- During pregnancy, it can lead to adverse outcomes such as preterm birth and conjunctivitis in newborns.
- Clinical signs include abnormal discharge and pelvic pain.
Gonorrhea
- Primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
- Commonly treated with Ceftriaxone.
- Life-threatening complication associated with disseminated gonorrhea includes septic arthritis.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent, has a Gram-negative cocci morphology.
Syphilis
- Causative agent is Treponema pallidum.
- Commonly referred to as the "kissing disease."
- The initial primary lesion (chancre) is typically painless and firm.
- If the chancre heals without treatment, the infection can progress to secondary syphilis.
- Characteristic feature of secondary syphilis includes rash and lymphadenopathy.
- Diagnostic test for syphilis is the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test.
- Screening test recommended is the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test.
- Tertiary syphilis is associated with damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
- Characteristic feature of tertiary syphilis includes gummas (granulomatous lesions).
- Neurological manifestations in tertiary syphilis can include tabes dorsalis.
- No immunity is developed post syphilis infection.
- Primary treatment of syphilis is Penicillin.
- Gold standard diagnostic testing is the Treponemal test.
Genital Herpes
- Primarily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact during active outbreaks.
- Characteristic presentation includes painful blisters or ulcers in the genital area.
- Causative agent is the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), mainly HSV-2.
- Recommended dosage of Valacyclovir for treatment is 1 gram twice daily.
- Treatment duration for Acyclovir is typically 7-10 days.
- Medication commonly prescribed at 250 mg three times daily is Acyclovir.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- High-risk types linked to majority of HPV-caused cancers are HPV 16 and 18.
- Types responsible for the majority of genital warts are HPV 6 and 11.
- Most common STI in the USA.
- Gardasil-9 vaccine prevents certain HPV strains.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Genetic material encoded in RNA.
- HIV is a retrovirus.
- Not transmitted through saliva, urine, or sharing food.
- Primary target cells include CD4 T-lymphocytes.
- Median time to development of AIDS without treatment is about 10 years.
- Initial screening test for HIV is the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
- Confirmatory test after a positive ELISA is the Western blot test.
- CDC recommends HIV screening for individuals aged 13-64 years.
- Average time for an HIV antibody test to become positive is 3-12 weeks.
- Primary components of antiretroviral therapy (ART) include a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
- ART significantly reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV patients.
- CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³ indicates the development of AIDS.
- Candidiasis is most often observed in the oral cavity or esophagus at low CD4 counts (typically below 200).
- Common treatment for candidiasis includes fluconazole.
Opportunistic Infections in HIV
- Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii organism.
- Chest radiographs typically show bilateral interstitial or alveolar infiltrates in PJP.
- Definitive diagnosis of PJP is made through Giemsa or Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS) stain.
- Recommended dosage of Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for PJP treatment is 15-20 mg/kg/day.
- Most common CNS lesion in HIV-infected individuals is primary CNS lymphoma.
- Lesions of Kaposi Sarcoma appear as violaceous, raised lesions on the skin.
- To minimize the risk of toxoplasmosis, avoid undercooked meat and exposure to cat feces.
- Low CD4 count (<50) is commonly associated with disseminated opportunistic infections like PJP and CMV.
- Common progression of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is retinitis leading to vision loss.
- Recommended treatment duration for CMV with oral Valganciclovir is typically 3-6 weeks.
HIV Prevention
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in reducing HIV transmission risk associated with sex.
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