Clinical and Applied Anatomy: Growth and Development

OMER'S LECTURES SERIES: CLINICAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY NEUROSCIENCE - GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• The lecture series covers clinical and applied anatomy and neuroscience, specifically growth and development.
• Objectives for the lecture include:
  • Listing the stages of growth and development
  • Describing the steps of nervous system (NS) development, including neurulation and neuralization.
  • Listing the derivatives of the neural tube and crest.
  • Discussing congenital anomalies.

Growth and Development (General)

• Students should be able to describe the stages and periods of growth and development.

Brief Overview of Mature CNS

• A diagram shows the major divisions of the central nervous system (CNS):
  • Cerebrum
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal Cord

Neural Induction

• During development, a portion of the dorsal ectoderm becomes committed to forming the nervous system.
• This process is called neural induction.
• The committed region is now called the neural plate.

Neurulation

• Detailed diagrams illustrate the stages of neurulation:
  • Formation of the neural plate from ectodermal cells
  • Folding of the neural plate to create a neural groove.
  • Fusion of the neural folds to form the neural tube.
  • Derivatives of the neural tube.
  • Derivatives of the neural crest.

Development of the Neural Tube

• The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord.
  • The stages of the nervous system development are discussed.
    • Initial primary tubule structure.
    • Columnar/longitudinal organization of cranial and spinal nerves.
    • Complex organization of cerebral cortex and nuclei.

Diagrammatic Sketches of Brain Vesicles

• Diagrams show how the five brain vesicles develop into the mature brain structure.
• The five vesicles are:
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
• Specific details of the development of the brain divisions are discussed.

The Cephalic Flexure

• Diagrams illustrate the development of the cephalic flexure.
• Stages are detailed in the diagrams which also display maturation of brain lobes.
  • Days
  • Months

Brain Orientation

• Specific areas of the brain are labeled and detailed in diagrams and text.
• Rostral, ventral, dorsal, and caudal.

Spinal Cord & Brain Stem Development

• Spinal cord and brain stem have similar developmental plans.
• The nuclear organization follows a columnar pattern.

Similarities between Spinal Cord & Brain Stem Development

• The sulcus limitans separates sensory and motor nuclei.
• Nuclei have a columnar appearance.
• Key differences include variations in central canal enlargement relative to sensory and motor nuclei.
• Additional differences include migration away from the ventricle.

Congenital Malformations (NTDs)

• Neural tube defects (NTDs) are discussed.
• Diagrams illustrate examples of:
  • Cranio/spino-rachischisis
  • spina bifida occulta
  • Meningocele
  • Meningomyelocele
  • Meningoencephalocele
  • Meningohydro-encephalocele

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

• Specific congenital brain malformations are illustrated.
• Diagrams show structural anomalies specifically relating to:
  • Microgyri
  • Lateral ventricle
  • Third ventricle
  • Aqueductal stenosis

Abnormal Brain Growth

• The lecture addresses arrested brain growth.
• Specific examples of arrested growth are:
  • Microcephaly
  • Lissencephaly
  • Congenital hydrocephalus

This quiz covers the stages of growth and development in relation to clinical and applied anatomy and neuroscience. It explores the major divisions of the central nervous system, the process of neural induction, and congenital anomalies. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in human development.