Clindamycin and Anaerobic Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of antibiotics are tetracyclines classified as?

  • Antiviral
  • Antifungal
  • Broad-spectrum (correct)
  • Bactericidal

How do tetracyclines primarily inhibit bacterial growth?

  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Increase bacterial metabolism
  • Inhibit DNA replication
  • Inhibit protein synthesis (correct)

What is the main difference between aminoglycosides and tetracyclines in terms of bactericidal action?

  • Aminoglycosides increase bacterial metabolism, tetracyclines inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Aminoglycosides inhibit DNA replication, tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis
  • Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum, tetracyclines are narrow-spectrum
  • Aminoglycosides are bacteriostatic, tetracyclines are bactericidal (correct)

Why are all seven tetracyclines discussed as a group rather than individually?

<p>The similarities among them outweigh their differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what concentrations are tetracyclines typically bacteriostatic?

<p>Low concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth?

<p>Preventing amino acid addition to the growing peptide chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect associated with tetracyclines?

<p>QT prolongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides?

<p>Inhibition of protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is tetracycline a first-line drug for?

<p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decline in the use of tetracyclines as antibiotics?

<p>Increased bacterial resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections is clindamycin NOT indicated for?

<p>Central nervous system infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is Telithromycin a part of?

<p>Ketolides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should tetracyclines not be administered with metal ions like calcium or iron?

<p>To minimize interference with absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal indication for Dalfopristin?

<p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gram-negative bacteria are macrolides generally active against?

<p>Some gram-negative bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic has a black box warning related to muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis?

<p>Telithromycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between tetracyclines and macrolides in terms of elimination from the body?

<p>'Tetracyclines predominantly undergo renal elimination, whereas macrolides undergo hepatic elimination' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common target organism for Aminoglycosides?

<p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant adverse effect of Chloramphenicol?

<p>Liver injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic inhibits bacteria protein synthesis and requires parenteral administration for systemic infections?

<p>Tigecycline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation are Aminoglycosides like gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin typically used together with penicillins?

<p>To enhance bacterial kill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for impetigo?

<p>Mupirocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Ozenoxacin' belongs to which class of antibiotics?

<p><code>Fluoroquinolones</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class has the drug interactions include MAOIs and SSRIs?

<p>Oxazolidinones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is primarily employed for anaerobic infections outside the CNS?

<p>Clindamycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is clindamycin considered the drug of choice for severe group A streptococcal infection?

<p>Because it suppresses the synthesis of bacterial toxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic has activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens such as VRE and MRSA?

<p>Linezolid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with prolonged linezolid therapy?

<p>Reversible myelosuppression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is specifically used to treat skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA and other bacterial species?

<p>Tedizolid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic should generally be reserved for infections caused by VRE or MRSA?

<p>Linezolid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is not active against gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Linezolid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common side effect associated with linezolid?

<p>Diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drug interaction should be considered when prescribing linezolid?

<p>MAOIs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition should patients with phenylketonuria avoid taking linezolid oral suspension due to the presence of phenylalanine?

<p>Pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should aminoglycosides not be given with other ototoxic or renal toxic drugs?

<p>They may increase the risk of inner ear and kidney damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is once-daily dosing preferred over divided doses for aminoglycosides?

<p>It is more convenient for patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are peak levels measured for patients receiving aminoglycosides in divided doses?

<p>30 minutes after giving an IM injection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are the primary targets for gentamicin?

<p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is gentamicin often preferred in hospitals where resistance is not a problem?

<p>It is cost-effective compared to alternatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when giving tobramycin to patients?

<p>'Concurrent therapy with other ototoxic or nephrotoxic drugs' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Amikacin is active against the broadest spectrum of gram-negative bacilli' - Why is this considered an outstanding feature of amikacin?

<p>'It has less bacterial resistance' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Why must gentamicin not be mixed with penicillins in the same parenteral solution?' What could be the possible outcome when they are mixed?

<p>'It can cause inactivation of gentamicin' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What is the advantage of amikacin being the least vulnerable to inactivation by bacterial enzymes?' How does this affect its efficacy?

<p>'It reduces bacterial resistance' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What infections is amikacin usually effective against?' Why might it be chosen over gentamicin or tobramycin?

<p>'Infections that are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What precautions should be taken when using gentamicin with other drugs?' How might these precautions impact treatment plans?

<p>'Monitoring kidney function regularly' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are sulfonamide antibiotics still considered important despite being largely replaced by other agents?

<p>They are the top choice for treating urinary tract infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason sulfonamides do not harm mammalian cells?

<p>Mammalian cells have a different mechanism of folate synthesis than bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of sulfonamides on bacterial cells?

<p>Disruption of folate synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are bacteria more susceptible than mammalian cells to the effects of sulfonamides?

<p>Bacteria cannot take up folate from the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sulfonamides affect the ability of bacteria to synthesize DNA, RNA, and proteins?

<p>They interfere with the synthesis of essential cellular components in bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim?

<p>It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal indication for sulfonamides today?

<p>Treatment of UTIs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with sulfonamides?

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which patients is hemolytic anemia a risk when using sulfonamides?

<p>Those with G6PD deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder in newborns can be caused by sulfonamides due to bilirubin deposition in the brain?

<p>Kernicterus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the risk for renal damage from crystalluria be reduced when using sulfamethoxazole?

<p>By maintaining adequate hydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic should NOT be administered to infants younger than 2 months?

<p>Sulfamethoxazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are long-acting sulfonamides banned due to hypersensitivity concerns?

<p>They induce Stevens-Johnson syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should not be used in patients with a history of severe hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, or diuretics?

<p>Sulfacetamide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which sulfonamides can intensify the effects of warfarin, phenytoin, and oral hypoglycemics?

<p>Inhibition of hepatic metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should sulfonamides not be administered to pregnant patients after 32 weeks of gestation or to breastfeeding mothers?

<p>To prevent kernicterus in newborns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of Nitrofurantoin differ?

<p>Bacteriostatic at low concentrations and bactericidal at high concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason Nitrofurantoin is not recommended for upper urinary tract infections?

<p>It is ineffective against upper tract infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Methenamine considered devoid of systemic toxicity?

<p>It breaks down into ammonia and formaldehyde in acidic urine only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is specifically associated with Methenamine use in patients with renal and liver failure?

<p>Renal toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preferred over Methenamine for chronic lower urinary tract infections?

<p>Methenamine lacks efficacy against chronic infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction should be considered when prescribing Methenamine?

<p>Urinary alkalinizers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the drug of first choice for uncomplicated cystitis?

<p>Nitrofurantoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic requires just one dose and is a good choice when adherence is a concern?

<p>Fosfomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common pathogen responsible for complicated UTIs?

<p>Proteus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of treatment for pyelonephritis or UTIs with systemic involvement?

<p>7-14 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is commonly used for long-term prophylaxis in recurrent UTIs?

<p>Nitrofurantoin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common causative organism in acute bacterial prostatitis cases?

<p>E.coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of acute bacterial prostatitis?

<p>Tremors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Most recurrent UTIs in females are due to' what?

<p>'Reinfection' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Prophylaxis should continue for at least 6 months' for what type of recurring infections?

<p>'Recurrent UTIs' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Acute bacterial prostatitis' is frequently associated with which of the following?

<p>Indwelling urethral catheter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect associated with TMP/SMZ therapy?

<p>Kernicterus in neonates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which population is unusually susceptible to TMP/SMZ toxicity?

<p>Patients suffering from AIDS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of UTIs among women in their lifetimes?

<p>60% - 80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for over 80% of uncomplicated, community-associated UTIs?

<p>Escherichia coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes complicated UTIs from uncomplicated UTIs?

<p>Association with predisposing factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of infections is short-course therapy (3 days) recommended?

<p>Uncomplicated, community-associated infections in women not pregnant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target organism for single-dose therapy for UTIs?

<p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Suprapubic discomfort' is a common clinical manifestation of which type of UTI?

<p>Upper urinary tract infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is responsible for most hospital-associated UTIs?

<p>Proteus species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom differentiates asymptomatic upper UTI from acute cystitis?

<p>Pyuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of mafenide?

<p>Suppresses bacterial synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should mafenide be discontinued if severe acidosis occurs?

<p>To prevent further metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for avoiding facial application of silver sulfadiazine?

<p>It causes skin discoloration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be exacerbated by the application of mafenide?

<p>Acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of trimethoprim in terms of its antibacterial activity?

<p>Primarily bacteriostatic against most gram-negative bacilli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is caution advised when administering trimethoprim to patients with preexisting folate deficiency?

<p>To prevent megaloblastic anemia and neutropenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern with giving trimethoprim to patients with renal insufficiency?

<p>Promotion of hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What is the preferred or alternative medication for UTIs' based on the text?

<p>'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ)' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'TMP/SMZ inhibits sequential steps in' what process?

<p>'Tetrahydrofolate synthesis' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What is a key adverse effect that might occur with routine use of TMP/SMZ?'

<p>'Nausea and vomiting' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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