Clindamycin and Anaerobic Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of antibiotics are tetracyclines classified as?

  • Antiviral
  • Antifungal
  • Broad-spectrum (correct)
  • Bactericidal

    • How do tetracyclines primarily inhibit bacterial growth?

  • Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Increase bacterial metabolism
  • Inhibit DNA replication
  • Inhibit protein synthesis (correct)

    • What is the main difference between aminoglycosides and tetracyclines in terms of bactericidal action?

  • Aminoglycosides increase bacterial metabolism, tetracyclines inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • Aminoglycosides inhibit DNA replication, tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis
  • Aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum, tetracyclines are narrow-spectrum
  • Aminoglycosides are bacteriostatic, tetracyclines are bactericidal (correct)

    • Why are all seven tetracyclines discussed as a group rather than individually?

    <p>The similarities among them outweigh their differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what concentrations are tetracyclines typically bacteriostatic?

    <p>Low concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth?

    <p>Preventing amino acid addition to the growing peptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect associated with tetracyclines?

    <p>QT prolongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolides?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is tetracycline a first-line drug for?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decline in the use of tetracyclines as antibiotics?

    <p>Increased bacterial resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is clindamycin NOT indicated for?

    <p>Central nervous system infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic class is Telithromycin a part of?

    <p>Ketolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should tetracyclines not be administered with metal ions like calcium or iron?

    <p>To minimize interference with absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal indication for Dalfopristin?

    <p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gram-negative bacteria are macrolides generally active against?

    <p>Some gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic has a black box warning related to muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Telithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between tetracyclines and macrolides in terms of elimination from the body?

    <p>'Tetracyclines predominantly undergo renal elimination, whereas macrolides undergo hepatic elimination'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common target organism for Aminoglycosides?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant adverse effect of Chloramphenicol?

    <p>Liver injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits bacteria protein synthesis and requires parenteral administration for systemic infections?

    <p>Tigecycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation are Aminoglycosides like gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin typically used together with penicillins?

    <p>To enhance bacterial kill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for impetigo?

    <p>Mupirocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Ozenoxacin' belongs to which class of antibiotics?

    <p><code>Fluoroquinolones</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic class has the drug interactions include MAOIs and SSRIs?

    <p>Oxazolidinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is primarily employed for anaerobic infections outside the CNS?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is clindamycin considered the drug of choice for severe group A streptococcal infection?

    <p>Because it suppresses the synthesis of bacterial toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic has activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens such as VRE and MRSA?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with prolonged linezolid therapy?

    <p>Reversible myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically used to treat skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA and other bacterial species?

    <p>Tedizolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic should generally be reserved for infections caused by VRE or MRSA?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is not active against gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect associated with linezolid?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug interaction should be considered when prescribing linezolid?

    <p>MAOIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition should patients with phenylketonuria avoid taking linezolid oral suspension due to the presence of phenylalanine?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should aminoglycosides not be given with other ototoxic or renal toxic drugs?

    <p>They may increase the risk of inner ear and kidney damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is once-daily dosing preferred over divided doses for aminoglycosides?

    <p>It is more convenient for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are peak levels measured for patients receiving aminoglycosides in divided doses?

    <p>30 minutes after giving an IM injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are the primary targets for gentamicin?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is gentamicin often preferred in hospitals where resistance is not a problem?

    <p>It is cost-effective compared to alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when giving tobramycin to patients?

    <p>'Concurrent therapy with other ototoxic or nephrotoxic drugs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Amikacin is active against the broadest spectrum of gram-negative bacilli' - Why is this considered an outstanding feature of amikacin?

    <p>'It has less bacterial resistance'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Why must gentamicin not be mixed with penicillins in the same parenteral solution?' What could be the possible outcome when they are mixed?

    <p>'It can cause inactivation of gentamicin'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What is the advantage of amikacin being the least vulnerable to inactivation by bacterial enzymes?' How does this affect its efficacy?

    <p>'It reduces bacterial resistance'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What infections is amikacin usually effective against?' Why might it be chosen over gentamicin or tobramycin?

    <p>'Infections that are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What precautions should be taken when using gentamicin with other drugs?' How might these precautions impact treatment plans?

    <p>'Monitoring kidney function regularly'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sulfonamide antibiotics still considered important despite being largely replaced by other agents?

    <p>They are the top choice for treating urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key reason sulfonamides do not harm mammalian cells?

    <p>Mammalian cells have a different mechanism of folate synthesis than bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sulfonamides on bacterial cells?

    <p>Disruption of folate synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are bacteria more susceptible than mammalian cells to the effects of sulfonamides?

    <p>Bacteria cannot take up folate from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sulfonamides affect the ability of bacteria to synthesize DNA, RNA, and proteins?

    <p>They interfere with the synthesis of essential cellular components in bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of sulfamethoxazole in combination with trimethoprim?

    <p>It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal indication for sulfonamides today?

    <p>Treatment of UTIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with sulfonamides?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients is hemolytic anemia a risk when using sulfonamides?

    <p>Those with G6PD deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder in newborns can be caused by sulfonamides due to bilirubin deposition in the brain?

    <p>Kernicterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the risk for renal damage from crystalluria be reduced when using sulfamethoxazole?

    <p>By maintaining adequate hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic should NOT be administered to infants younger than 2 months?

    <p>Sulfamethoxazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are long-acting sulfonamides banned due to hypersensitivity concerns?

    <p>They induce Stevens-Johnson syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should not be used in patients with a history of severe hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, or diuretics?

    <p>Sulfacetamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which sulfonamides can intensify the effects of warfarin, phenytoin, and oral hypoglycemics?

    <p>Inhibition of hepatic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should sulfonamides not be administered to pregnant patients after 32 weeks of gestation or to breastfeeding mothers?

    <p>To prevent kernicterus in newborns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of Nitrofurantoin differ?

    <p>Bacteriostatic at low concentrations and bactericidal at high concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason Nitrofurantoin is not recommended for upper urinary tract infections?

    <p>It is ineffective against upper tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Methenamine considered devoid of systemic toxicity?

    <p>It breaks down into ammonia and formaldehyde in acidic urine only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is specifically associated with Methenamine use in patients with renal and liver failure?

    <p>Renal toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole preferred over Methenamine for chronic lower urinary tract infections?

    <p>Methenamine lacks efficacy against chronic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug interaction should be considered when prescribing Methenamine?

    <p>Urinary alkalinizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of first choice for uncomplicated cystitis?

    <p>Nitrofurantoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic requires just one dose and is a good choice when adherence is a concern?

    <p>Fosfomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common pathogen responsible for complicated UTIs?

    <p>Proteus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration of treatment for pyelonephritis or UTIs with systemic involvement?

    <p>7-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is commonly used for long-term prophylaxis in recurrent UTIs?

    <p>Nitrofurantoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common causative organism in acute bacterial prostatitis cases?

    <p>E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of acute bacterial prostatitis?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Most recurrent UTIs in females are due to' what?

    <p>'Reinfection'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Prophylaxis should continue for at least 6 months' for what type of recurring infections?

    <p>'Recurrent UTIs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Acute bacterial prostatitis' is frequently associated with which of the following?

    <p>Indwelling urethral catheter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect associated with TMP/SMZ therapy?

    <p>Kernicterus in neonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is unusually susceptible to TMP/SMZ toxicity?

    <p>Patients suffering from AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of UTIs among women in their lifetimes?

    <p>60% - 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for over 80% of uncomplicated, community-associated UTIs?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes complicated UTIs from uncomplicated UTIs?

    <p>Association with predisposing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of infections is short-course therapy (3 days) recommended?

    <p>Uncomplicated, community-associated infections in women not pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target organism for single-dose therapy for UTIs?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Suprapubic discomfort' is a common clinical manifestation of which type of UTI?

    <p>Upper urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is responsible for most hospital-associated UTIs?

    <p>Proteus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom differentiates asymptomatic upper UTI from acute cystitis?

    <p>Pyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of mafenide?

    <p>Suppresses bacterial synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should mafenide be discontinued if severe acidosis occurs?

    <p>To prevent further metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for avoiding facial application of silver sulfadiazine?

    <p>It causes skin discoloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can be exacerbated by the application of mafenide?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of trimethoprim in terms of its antibacterial activity?

    <p>Primarily bacteriostatic against most gram-negative bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is caution advised when administering trimethoprim to patients with preexisting folate deficiency?

    <p>To prevent megaloblastic anemia and neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with giving trimethoprim to patients with renal insufficiency?

    <p>Promotion of hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What is the preferred or alternative medication for UTIs' based on the text?

    <p>'Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ)'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'TMP/SMZ inhibits sequential steps in' what process?

    <p>'Tetrahydrofolate synthesis'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What is a key adverse effect that might occur with routine use of TMP/SMZ?'

    <p>'Nausea and vomiting'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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