Climate Change Quiz
162 Questions
10 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a natural factor that can cause climate change?

  • Plate tectonics
  • Unforced variability
  • The sun
  • Greenhouse gases (correct)

    • What is the main reason for climate change according to the text?

  • Plate tectonics
  • The sun
  • Burning fossil fuels (correct)
  • Unforced variability

    • What is the Snowball Earth?

  • A method of solar radiation management
  • A theory about the impact of tectonic motion on ice sheets
  • A period of extreme cold that affected the development of life (correct)
  • A type of greenhouse gas

    • What are the three categories of responses to climate change?

    <p>Mitigation, adaptation, and carbon dioxide removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of mitigation policies?

    <p>To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the pros and cons of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power?

    <p>Intermittency, high initial costs, noise pollution, and environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carbon capture and sequestration (CCS)?

    <p>A method of reducing GHG emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is solar radiation management?

    <p>Reflecting sunlight back into space to counteract warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the downside of solar radiation management?

    <p>It may create other problems and is difficult to stop once started</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a natural factor that can cause climate change?

    <p>Burning fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for climate change?

    <p>Greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential disadvantage of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power?

    <p>Greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of mitigation policies in response to climate change?

    <p>To reduce greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adaptation in response to climate change?

    <p>Adjusting to the impacts of climate change that cannot be avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is solar radiation management in response to climate change?

    <p>Reflecting sunlight back into space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of solar radiation management?

    <p>Injecting reflective aerosols into the stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of solar radiation management?

    <p>Immediate temperature reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and carbon dioxide removal as options for reducing GHG emissions?

    <p>Lack of scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current definition of adaptation according to the text?

    <p>Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of adaptation measures mentioned in the text?

    <p>Incremental, transitional, and transformational measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of adaptation mentioned in the text?

    <p>Being complementary to mitigation, decreasing vulnerability, avoiding maladaptation, promoting innovation, and being interdisciplinary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost of climate change adaptation per year by 2030?

    <p>$49-171 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptation learning cycle mentioned in the text?

    <p>Identifying adaptation needs, identifying adaptation options, and appraising adaptation options to achieve the desired goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the risks identified in the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017?

    <p>The impact of heatwaves and overheating on buildings, risks to health and productivity from high temperatures, flooding events, water shortages, food supply disruptions, infrastructure malfunction, impact on natural capital and ecosystems, and international risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adaptation options prioritized by developing countries mentioned in the text?

    <p>Adaptation in agriculture, freshwater supplies, health, energy sector risks, fisheries, and local livelihoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tool developed by the University of Notre Dame for assessing countries' vulnerability and readiness for adaptation?

    <p>The Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of urban nature-based solutions mentioned in the text?

    <p>Green roofs, urban forests, and green infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current definition of adaptation in response to climate change?

    <p>Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost of climate change adaptation per year by 2030?

    <p>$49-171 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three typologies of adaptation measures?

    <p>Incremental, transitional, and transformational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of adaptation measures?

    <p>Complementary to mitigation, decreasing vulnerability, avoiding maladaptation, promoting innovation, interdisciplinary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vulnerability in relation to climate change?

    <p>A function of level of exposure and adaptive responses available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost of climate change adaptation per year by 2030 and who has the obligation to provide funding for adaptation?

    <p>$49-171 billion, developed countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four steps involved in the adaptation process?

    <p>Identifying risks, selecting options, implementing actions, evaluating outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adaptation options for the EU?

    <p>Accepting impacts and bearing losses, off-setting losses by sharing risks, avoiding or reducing exposure to risks, and exploiting new opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptation learning cycle and what does it involve?

    <p>A cycle of learning about adaptation strategies, involving participation, impact analysis, capacity analysis, scenario analysis, behavioral analysis, institutional analysis, formal decision-making, valuation methods, tools for planning and implementation, and methods for monitoring and reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)?

    <p>To fill gaps in economic evidence provided by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of ecosystem services recognized by the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES)?

    <p>Supporting services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of the concept of ecosystem services?

    <p>It is too focused on anthropocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework concerned with?

    <p>Capturing all benefits that humans obtain from nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of value included in the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework?

    <p>Direct use, indirect use, option use, and non-use values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of the contingent valuation method?

    <p>Hypothetical nature of markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ecological valuation?

    <p>Assessing an ecosystem's functional integrity, health, or resilience to sustain life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sociocultural valuation?

    <p>Assessing the non-monetary value of ecosystem services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deliberative valuation?

    <p>Distributing 'importance points' to ecosystem services and 'concern points' to ecosystem disservices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization prepared the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment?

    <p>1360 experts from 95 countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four categories of ecosystem services identified by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment?

    <p>Provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) and what is its aim?

    <p>A concept founded on ecosystem services for human well-being, underpinned by biodiversity, and aims to fill gaps in economic evidence provided by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and what are its limitations?

    <p>A classification system that recognizes the main categories of ecosystem outputs as provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, but does not cover supporting services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three tiers of the TEEB approach towards ecosystem valuation?

    <p>Recognizing, demonstrating, and capturing value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the limitations of valuation methods for ecosystem services?

    <p>The hypothetical nature of markets, potential biases in survey design and implementation, and insensitivity to scope and scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Contingent Valuation Method?

    <p>A method that elicits values from respondents on a hypothetical market for a specified level of an environmental good or service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ecological valuation and what does it measure?

    <p>An assessment of an ecosystem's functional integrity, health, or resilience to sustain life by measuring biophysical indicators such as diversity or carbon stock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sociocultural valuation and what does it consider?

    <p>An assessment of the non-monetary value of ecosystem services and disservices and considers value as a social construction from the cultural contexts of a time and place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the baseline for CO2 emissions for the University of Nottingham in 2009/10?

    <p>68,000t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the University of Nottingham's target for reducing carbon emissions by 2020?

    <p>41,000t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much is the University of Nottingham investing per year in replacing engineering assets and refurbishing spaces for energy efficiency gains?

    <p>£10m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed size of the solar PV array that the University of Nottingham is planning to install?

    <p>1.4MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the annual yield that the proposed 1.4MW solar PV array is expected to generate?

    <p>1,278,000kWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the University of Nottingham proposing to replace the district heating system with?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential annual carbon savings from replacing the district heating system at the University of Nottingham?

    <p>2,995 t CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some projects that the University of Nottingham is undertaking to reduce energy use?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you find the University of Nottingham's sustainability efforts and progress?

    <p>On their website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of the concept of ecosystem services?

    <p>It is too focused on economic production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four categories of ecosystem services?

    <p>Provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework concerned with?

    <p>Capturing all benefits that humans obtain from nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three tiers of the TEEB approach towards ecosystem valuation?

    <p>Recognizing, demonstrating, and capturing value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sociocultural valuation focused on?

    <p>The non-monetary value of ecosystem services and disservices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Contingent Valuation Method used for?

    <p>Eliciting values from respondents on a hypothetical market for a specified level of an environmental good or service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the limitations of valuation methods?

    <p>They are insensitive to scope and scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of deliberative valuation?

    <p>To discuss trade-offs and future generations, and assess changes in value source and constituency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did a study in the Philippines reveal about stakeholders' valuation of ecosystem services and disservices in a park?

    <p>There were no significant differences in the points assigned by participants to ES and EDS before and after deliberating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the University of Nottingham's baseline for CO2 emissions in 2009/10?

    <p>68,000t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the University of Nottingham's target for CO2 emissions in 2020?

    <p>41,000t</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the University of Nottingham's goal for reducing emissions by 2030?

    <p>63%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed annual yield of the 1.4MW solar PV array being considered by the University of Nottingham?

    <p>1,278,000kWh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the University of Nottingham planning to transition away from?

    <p>Gas to electric heat pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the University of Nottingham investing £10m per year in?

    <p>Replacing engineering assets and refurbishing spaces for energy efficiency gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed cost of replacing the district heating system at the University of Nottingham?

    <p>£18m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential annual carbon savings of replacing the district heating system at the University of Nottingham?

    <p>2,995 t CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energy-intensive facilities does the University of Nottingham have?

    <p>Research facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant contributor to PM2.5 and has a positive radiative forcing effect?

    <p>Black carbon from incomplete combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the largest components of radiative forcing, and what are its precursors that require control?

    <p>Tropospheric O3, NOx and VOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to an increase in urban ozone where NOx is high?

    <p>Increase in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the categories of mitigation measures for air pollution and climate change?

    <p>Conservation, efficiency, abatement, fuel switching, demand management, and behavioral change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help reduce emissions of both air pollutants and climate-active pollutants?

    <p>Energy conservation measures, fuel switching to lower carbon or renewables, and improvements in technology and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of increased aircraft fuel efficiency?

    <p>Increased emissions of air pollutants and climate-active pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is key to understanding future summer pollution episodes?

    <p>Surface temperature and soil dryness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to a decrease in O3 uptake through the stomata of plants?

    <p>Hot/dry summers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur between measures that benefit air quality and those that benefit climate change?

    <p>Trade-offs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest component of radiative forcing, and what are its precursors that require control?

    <p>Black carbon from incomplete combustion, NOx and VOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutant emitted from incomplete combustion, particularly from diesel vehicles, is a significant contributor to PM2.5 and has a positive radiative forcing effect?

    <p>Black carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to an increase in urban ozone where NOx is high?

    <p>Increasing temperatures due to climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different categories of mitigation measures for air pollution and climate change?

    <p>Conservation, efficiency, abatement, fuel switching, demand management, and behavioral change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to an increase in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions?

    <p>Heatwaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some potential downsides of measures such as increased aircraft fuel efficiency and fuel switching to diesel?

    <p>Increased emissions of air pollutants and climate-active pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors to understanding future summer pollution episodes?

    <p>Surface temperature and soil dryness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has most attention been focused on in terms of mitigating air quality impacts?

    <p>Legislation and technology changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the inherent methodological difficulties in identifying the impact of measures on emissions of pollutants of concern from an air quality perspective and those that have impacts on climate?

    <p>Trade-offs can occur between measures that benefit one and harm the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the National Forest Company's focus areas?

    <p>Environment, economy, and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used for tree planting in the National Forest?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact has the National Forest had on biodiversity?

    <p>Increase in species abundance and richness for small mammals, bats, birds, and butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of carbon stored in the National Forest?

    <p>450,000 tonnes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RestREco project?

    <p>A project to restore ecosystems in the National Forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Biochar Demonstrator Project testing?

    <p>The effects of adding biochar to temperate woodland for carbon capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable low carbon tourism in the National Forest?

    <p>To increase visitor numbers, spending, and tourism jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Forest Community Woods project?

    <p>A project to manage community greenspaces in the National Forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Forest Company promoting through creating a forest for learning and the natural health service?

    <p>Nature connection and wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used for tree planting in the National Forest?

    <p>Selling trees to private companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the National Forest Company?

    <p>Environment, economy, and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the impact of the National Forest on biodiversity?

    <p>Increase in species abundance and richness for small mammals, bats, birds, and butterflies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RestREco project aiming to do?

    <p>Restore resilient ecosystems by considering complexity and resilience as fundamental aims for restoration projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Biochar Demonstrator Project testing?

    <p>The effects of adding biochar to soil for carbon capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of sustainable low carbon tourism in the National Forest?

    <p>To promote sustainable tourism and increase visitor numbers, spending, and tourism jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Forest Community Woods project?

    <p>A project to involve community groups and organizations in managing woodlands and community greenspaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Forest Company promoting to promote nature connection and wellbeing?

    <p>A forest for learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential for the National Forest to improve carbon sequestration rates?

    <p>To improve carbon sequestration rates by balancing carbon sequestration and local fit for biodiversity and landscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Green Revolution and how did it impact crop and animal production?

    <p>A revolution that increased crop production by 40% and animal production by 90% with intensification and crop specialization, allowing for this increase on 10% less land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the barriers to action for sustainable farming practices?

    <p>Financial constraints, time constraints, and lack of knowledge or awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the novel approaches for reducing emissions in agriculture?

    <p>Regenerative agriculture, feeding insect protein, intercropping, biodiversity, use of renewables, and use of technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of producers in sustainable farming?

    <p>Producers play a key role in sustainable farming, with incentives through ELMs, networking, support, and mental health awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant plant protein used for poultry nutrition, and what are some alternative sources of protein?

    <p>Soy is a predominant plant protein, but alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition include animal co-products, milk co-products, fish products, and legumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the mitigation methods for reducing emissions in agriculture?

    <p>Nutrition efficiency of conversion, influences on methane from silage and concentrates, unsaturated fatty acids and methane, feed additives and methane, and genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with overreliance on animal products and food waste?

    <p>There is a disconnect between food and farming, with 75% of people in a YouGov survey identifying as meat-eaters, but overreliance on animal products and food waste are issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of imports in sustainable agriculture practices?

    <p>Self-sufficiency in food production can be sustainable, but imports may be cheaper or better quality, and the reliability of supply is a consideration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the actions taken by producers for sustainable farming practices?

    <p>Optimizing fertilizer use, improving grazing management, reducing tillage, and improving soil health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the learning outcomes in regards to agriculture and climate mitigation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Planet of Plenty website?

    <p>Providing insight on sustainable agri-food production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allowed for a 40% increase in crop production and a 90% increase in animal production with only a 30% increase in population?

    <p>Intensification and crop specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people in a YouGov survey identified as meat-eaters?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration when it comes to self-sufficiency in food production?

    <p>Reliability of supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition besides soy?

    <p>Animal co-products, milk co-products, fish products, and legumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methods for reducing emissions in agriculture?

    <p>Nutrition efficiency of conversion, influences on methane from silage and concentrates, unsaturated fatty acids and methane, feed additives and methane, and genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the producer play in sustainable farming?

    <p>A key role, with incentives through ELMs, networking, support, and mental health awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some novel approaches for reducing emissions in agriculture?

    <p>Regenerative agriculture, feeding insect protein, intercropping, biodiversity, use of renewables, and use of technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the learning outcomes related to agriculture and climate mitigation?

    <p>Examining the role of producers in shaping their farming environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Green Revolution and how did it impact crop and animal production?

    <p>A movement to increase crop and animal production through intensification and specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with overreliance on animal products and food waste?

    <p>Increased greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition?

    <p>Animal co-products and legumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methods for reducing emissions in agriculture?

    <p>Feed additives and genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the producer play in sustainable farming?

    <p>Key role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some current actions taken by producers to improve sustainability in agriculture?

    <p>Improved grazing management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some barriers to action for producers in implementing sustainable farming practices?

    <p>Financial constraints, time constraints, and lack of knowledge or awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some novel approaches for reducing emissions in agriculture?

    <p>Feeding insect protein, intercropping, and use of renewables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines how well groundwater can flow?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most dominant greenhouse gas?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of floods and droughts?

    <p>Disruptions to the hydrological cycle and water budget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region in England is primarily comprised of chalk and useful for holding large reserves of water?

    <p>East</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts on water resources?

    <p>Semi-arid regions, coastal hinterlands, and mountainous regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase in water demand from agriculture and urban uses is projected within the next 30 years?

    <p>50-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected percentage increase in water consumption from the energy sector by 2035?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS)?

    <p>To reduce poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated potential for carbon sequestration using algae by Brilliant Planet?

    <p>2 billion tonnes per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines how well groundwater can flow?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most dominant greenhouse gas?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts on water resources?

    <p>Polar regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected increase in water demand from agriculture and urban uses within the next 30 years?

    <p>50-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage increase in water consumption projected for the energy sector by 2035?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key part of managing water demand?

    <p>Improving water efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential annual carbon dioxide sequestration capacity of algae aquacultures developed by Brilliant Planet?

    <p>2 billion tonnes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of shade balls in reservoirs?

    <p>To reduce water evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS)?

    <p>A way to mitigate and adapt to climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, and Responses

    • Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.

    • Climate change can be caused by natural factors such as plate tectonics, the sun, the earth's orbit, unforced variability, and greenhouse gases, as well as human activities such as burning fossil fuels.

    • Tectonic motion can alter the arrangements of the earth, affecting the formation of ice sheets, ocean circulation, and contributing to the formation of the Antarctic ice sheet.

    • The sun is getting brighter over time, but it is unlikely to be the main reason for climate change as the stratosphere temperature is not changing.

    • The Earth's orbit is not a perfect circle and varies with time, leading to events such as the Snowball Earth, which affected the development of life.

    • Greenhouse gases trap the sun's heat and raise temperatures, and emissions continue to rise, with the Earth now about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s.

    • Climate change can affect health, ability to grow food, housing, work, and can lead to vulnerable people being impacted, such as those living in small island nations and other developing countries.

    • Responses to climate change can be broadly split into three categories: adaptation, mitigation, and geoengineering.

    • Mitigation policies aim to prevent climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, usually through policies that encourage the transition from fossil fuels to energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases.

    • Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power have pros and cons, including intermittency, high initial costs, noise pollution, and environmental impact.

    • Nuclear power is a contentious option for reducing GHG emissions, with concerns around reactor safety, nuclear waste, and proliferation.

    • Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and carbon dioxide removal are also options for reducing GHG emissions, but they come with challenges such as the scale required and unforeseen impacts on ecosystems.Climate Change Responses: Mitigation, Adaptation, and Solar Radiation Management

    • Climate change is caused by both natural and human factors.

    • Responses to climate change can be divided into three categories: adaptation, mitigation, and solar radiation management.

    • Mitigation aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit temperature increase.

    • The impact of mitigation can be seen in decades due to the time required for emissions reduction and temperature decrease.

    • Adaptation involves adjusting to the impacts of climate change that cannot be avoided.

    • Solar radiation management involves reflecting sunlight back into space to counteract warming.

    • One method of solar radiation management is injecting reflective aerosols into the stratosphere.

    • This method has advantages, including immediate temperature reaction and lower cost than nuclear reactors.

    • However, solar radiation management may create other problems and is difficult to stop once started.

    • Carbon dioxide removal is another method of mitigating climate change.

    • Solar energy is a potential alternative to fossil fuels for energy production.

    • Understanding climate change and its responses is essential for addressing and mitigating its impacts.

    Overview of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

    • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992 called on nations to enact measures to “facilitate adequate adaptation” to climate change.

    • Adaptation research was initially driven by vulnerability and impacts research, but later shifted focus to identifying ways that vulnerable populations could adapt to future changes in climate.

    • The evolution of adaptation conversations saw a shift towards the need for both adaptation and mitigation as climate change is not a future event, but impacts are already occurring.

    • The current definition of adaptation is “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.”

    • New typologies of adaptation include incremental, transitional, and transformational measures, with transformational measures being the most drastic and seeking to change the fundamental attributes of a system in response to climate change.

    • Ideal characteristics of adaptation include being complementary to mitigation, decreasing vulnerability, avoiding maladaptation, promoting innovation, and being interdisciplinary.

    • Funding for climate change adaptation has been missing and the cost of adaptation is estimated to be $49-171 billion per year by 2030, with the obligation on developed countries to provide funding for adaptation.

    • Vulnerability is a function of risk, danger levels, level of exposure, or adaptive responses available and can be considered in relation to bio-physical or social factors.

    • Adaptation is the ability to adjust to new or changing conditions in the environment and depends on the economic, social, and human resources of the entity.

    • Vulnerability and adaptation assessment involves determining the risk of adverse effects on units, groups, or regions exposed to perturbations or stresses and identifying factors that augment/diminish adaptive capacity.

    • Framework and method selection for vulnerability and adaptation assessment must be conscious of appropriate methods and tools, ensure stakeholder participation, highlight urgent problems, keep the objective of identifying possible adaptation options at the forefront, and pay attention to how models, scenarios, and results are used.

    • The adaptation learning cycle involves identifying adaptation needs, identifying adaptation options, and appraising adaptation options to achieve the desired goals.Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation in Different Regions

    • The adaptation process involves identifying risks, assessing and selecting options, planning and implementing actions, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes.

    • The adaptation learning cycle includes participation, impact analysis, capacity analysis, scenario analysis, behavioral analysis, institutional analysis, formal decision-making, valuation methods, tools for planning and implementation, and methods for monitoring and reflection.

    • Outdoor air adaptation strategies include reducing vehicle emissions, choosing cleaner commutes, combining errands, keeping engines properly tuned, and following gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery.

    • Indoor air adaptation strategies include maintaining proper ventilation for moisture control and pollutant dilution, weatherization or retrofitting, and adjusting ventilation to accommodate weatherization changes.

    • The UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 identifies 56 risks, including the impact of heatwaves and overheating on buildings, risks to health and productivity from high temperatures, flooding events, water shortages, food supply disruptions, infrastructure malfunction, impact on natural capital and ecosystems, and international risks.

    • Adaptation options in the EU can involve accepting impacts and bearing losses, off-setting losses by sharing risks, avoiding or reducing exposure to risks, and exploiting new opportunities.

    • Developing countries prioritize adaptation in agriculture, freshwater supplies, health, energy sector risks, fisheries, and local livelihoods.

    • Kenya has a Climate Change Bill, National Climate Change Strategy, National Climate Change Action Plan, draft national climate change framework policy, and draft climate finance policy.

    • Bangladesh has a climate change strategy and action plan, Climate Change Trust Fund, and Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund financed by donors for river bank protection, afforestation, and disaster management.

    • Burkina Faso published a National Adaptation Programme of Action in 2007 and released its National Adaptation Plan in 2015, but lacks capacity and financing for implementation.

    • The University of Notre Dame’s Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) provides a tool for assessing countries’ vulnerability and readiness for adaptation.

    • Urban nature-based solutions offer potential adaptation strategies, including green roofs, urban forests, and green infrastructure, to mitigate climate risks and improve urban resilience.

    Valuation of Ecosystem Services and the Importance of Understanding Human Well-being

    • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that humans have rapidly and extensively changed ecosystems to meet growing demands for food, water, timber, fiber, and fuel, leading to degradation of ecosystem services and increased poverty.

    • The assessment was prepared by 1360 experts from 95 countries and authorized by governments through 4 conventions, with a partnership of UN agencies, conventions, business, non-governmental organizations.

    • Ecosystem services are categorized as provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services, and changes to these services have consequences for human well-being and poverty reduction.

    • The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) was founded on the concept of ecosystem services for human well-being, underpinned by biodiversity, and aims to fill gaps in economic evidence provided by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

    • Valuing ecosystem services can help to generate better information, identify the true costs of business as usual, improve decision-making, provide a basis for policy formation and analysis, and set incentives and regulations for use.

    • The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) found that from 1970 to the present, 14 of the 18 categories of nature's contributions to people have declined.

    • The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) recognizes the main categories of ecosystem outputs as provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, but does not cover supporting services.

    • The concept of ecosystem services is criticized for its anthropocentric focus and economic production metaphor, but it can also challenge exploitative practices and reconceptualize humanity's relationship with nature.

    • Ecosystem services can be used as a conservation goal, but planning and executing conservation strategies based only on ecosystem services may not safeguard biodiversity.

    • Valuation of ecosystem services leads to more informed decisions and awareness of the relative importance of ecosystem services compared to man-made services.

    • The TEEB approach towards ecosystem valuation follows a three-tiered approach of recognizing, demonstrating, and capturing value, and it expands beyond monetary valuation methodologies using quantitative and qualitative methodologies.

    • The TEEB approach is not a narrow, market-centric view of nature, but a holistic view that takes into account environmental and social values and not just market values of nature.Ecosystem Valuation: Challenges and Opportunities

    • The concept of ecosystem services (ES) has been criticized for being ambiguous, open to interpretation, and inconsistent.

    • The term ES implies that all outcomes of ecosystem processes are good, masking the fact that some ecosystems provide "disservices" to humans.

    • Valuation of ES involves estimating the monetary or non-monetary value of ES and ecosystem disservices (EDS).

    • The Total Economic Value (TEV) framework is concerned with the eventual impacts on human well-being and captures all benefits that humans obtain from nature.

    • TEV categories of value include direct use, indirect use, option use, and non-use values.

    • Valuation creates a framework that can help nature's values become more economically visible and accounted for in decision making.

    • Valuation can contribute to economic accounting and planning, creating more effective strategies for natural resource management.

    • Moral and ethical challenges include the idea of placing monetary value on ecosystems, which buys into the free-market system.

    • Technical challenges include accounting for inter-linkages between different ecosystem services and dealing with incomplete or inaccurate data.

    • Systemic challenges include creating new notions of ownership and property rights and promoting equity distribution and value aggregation at the local level.

    • Economic approaches to valuation include direct market valuation, revealed preference approaches, and stated preference approaches.

    • Direct market valuation approaches use data from actual markets, while revealed preference approaches are based on observations of individual choices related to an ecosystem service. Stated preference approaches use simulated markets to elicit willingness to pay or accept values for changes in ecosystem service provision.Valuation Methods for Ecosystem Services and Disservices

    • Contingent valuation method elicits values from respondents on a hypothetical market for a specified level of an environmental good or service.

    • Choice modelling is a type of conjoint analysis where survey respondents make choices across environmental goods with varying bundles of attributes to reveal their values.

    • Group valuation combines stated preference techniques with deliberative techniques to offer a deeper exploration of environmental information, values, and preference formation.

    • Economic approaches to valuation include market-based, cost-based, and revealed and stated preference methods.

    • Ecological valuation assesses an ecosystem's functional integrity, health, or resilience to sustain life by measuring biophysical indicators such as diversity or carbon stock.

    • Sociocultural valuation focuses on the non-monetary value of ecosystem services and disservices and considers value as a social construction from the cultural contexts of a time and place.

    • Sociocultural values can inform and raise awareness of decision-makers and the public for varying perceptions of ecosystem services.

    • Deliberative valuation involves distributing "importance points" to ecosystem services and "concern points" to ecosystem disservices, discussing trade-offs and future generations, and assessing changes in value source and constituency.

    • A study in the Philippines used online focus groups to conduct deliberative valuation of ecosystem services and disservices in a park, revealing differences in how stakeholders assigned points to different attributes.

    • Highly valued ecosystem services included ecotourism, enjoyment and spending free time, and sports and physical fitness, while highly valued ecosystem disservices included expensive maintenance and traffic.

    • Deliberative valuation can be a useful tool for informing priority setting and instrument development in ecosystem management.

    • Valuation methods have limitations, including the hypothetical nature of markets, potential biases in survey design and implementation, and insensitivity to scope and scale.Deliberative Valuation of Urban Parks: The Influence of Source and Constituency on Participants' Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Ecosystem Disservices

    • Participants assigned different points to ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem disservices (EDS) depending on the source and constituency.

    • In the first five valuation exercises, participants assigned higher points to ES such as ecotourism, aesthetic information, revenue for locals, parking space, and increasing green areas, while assigning higher points to EDS such as expensive maintenance, traffic, land being wasted, and exposure to pollution.

    • Deliberative valuation discussions led to changes in participants' perspectives, as they considered other participants' opinions and experiences before assigning points to ES and EDS.

    • There were no significant differences in the points assigned by participants to ES and EDS before and after deliberating, when individual source and future generations were considered as the constituency.

    • When considering the future generations as the constituency, participants assigned lower points to ecotourism and higher points to green areas as ES, while assigning higher points to traffic and exposure to air pollution as EDS.

    • Participants' perspectives changed after considering the impact of urban parks on people, particularly future generations.

    • Participants expressed concerns about the maintenance of greens in the park, wishing to see more greens in the future.

    • The study highlights the importance of considering different sources and constituencies when valuing ES and EDS in urban parks.

    • Deliberative valuation discussions can lead to changes in participants' perspectives and promote a more inclusive and comprehensive valuation of ES and EDS.

    • The study provides insights into the complex nature of urban parks and the need for participatory approaches in their management and decision-making.

    • Urban parks can provide multiple ES, which can be valued differently depending on the source and constituency.

    • EDS can also have different impacts on different people, highlighting the need for a more nuanced and context-specific approach to their valuation and management.

    Carbon Management Plan for the University of Nottingham

    • The University of Nottingham is expanding, which poses challenges for reducing carbon emissions.
    • The university has energy-intensive research facilities and greater expectations for building heating, cooling, and ventilation.
    • The 2009/10 baseline for CO2 emissions was 68,000t with a 2020 target of 41,000t, and the university aims to reduce emissions by 63% by 2030.
    • The university is investing £10m per year in replacing engineering assets and refurbishing spaces for energy efficiency gains.
    • The university plans to generate power through large-scale solar PV and potentially wind turbines, as well as transitioning away from gas to electric heat pumps.
    • Carbon offsetting will be used to offset difficult-to-remove emissions, prioritizing additional and permanent solutions.
    • Projects to reduce energy use include turning off or reducing the face velocity of fume cupboards, installing a combined heat and power system, and replacing the chilled water system.
    • The university has installed a 1000m2 photo-voltaic array, a 500kW wind turbine, and is proposing a 1.4MW solar PV array.
    • The proposed 1.4MW solar PV array will cover 6,570m2 and generate an annual yield of around 1,278,000kWh.
    • The university is proposing to invest up to £18m to replace the district heating system with a gas-fired boiler supplemented by renewable energy source heat pumps.
    • The replacement of the district heating system could lead to annual carbon savings of up to 2,995 t CO2.
    • The university's sustainability efforts and progress can be found on their website and social media platforms.

    Mitigating the Impact of Air Quality and Climate Change

    • Air quality pollutants and greenhouse gases have different impacts on climate change, and reducing precursors of secondary aerosol may lead to an increase in temperature.
    • Black carbon emitted from incomplete combustion, particularly from diesel vehicles, is a significant contributor to PM2.5 and has a positive radiative forcing effect.
    • Tropospheric O3 is one of the largest components of radiative forcing, and NOx and VOC are its precursors that require control.
    • The radiative forcing of climate is more influenced by ozone at higher altitudes, and the relationship between pollutants and regional temperature response is unclear.
    • Increasing temperatures due to climate change can lead to changes in chemistry associated with ozone formation and an increase in water vapor in the atmosphere, leading to an increase in urban ozone where NOx is high.
    • Heatwaves are predicted to be more frequent, leading to an increase in summer pollution events, and increasing temperatures can lead to an increase in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions.
    • The emissions of BVOC are different for different tree species, and hot/dry summers can lead to a decrease in O3 uptake through the stomata of plants.
    • Mitigation measures for air pollution and climate change can be categorized into conservation, efficiency, abatement, fuel switching, demand management, and behavioral change.
    • Most attention has been focused on mitigating air quality impacts through legislation and technology changes, with little consideration for their impact on climate change.
    • Energy conservation measures, fuel switching to lower carbon or renewables, and improvements in technology and efficiency can help reduce emissions of both air pollutants and climate-active pollutants.
    • However, some measures, such as increased aircraft fuel efficiency, fuel switching to diesel, and the use of biofuels under certain circumstances, can lead to an increase in emissions of air pollutants and climate-active pollutants.
    • Climate models need to improve their temporal resolution to examine processes with daily variations and seasonal changes in emissions from natural sources, and surface temperature and soil dryness are key to understanding future summer pollution episodes.
    • There are inherent methodological difficulties in identifying the impact of measures on emissions of pollutants of concern from an air quality perspective and those that have impacts on climate, and trade-offs can occur between measures that benefit one and harm the other.

    Climate Change Mitigation in the National Forest

    • The National Forest is an area located in central England, covering 200 square miles and spanning across multiple cities.
    • The landscape of the National Forest has been transformed from a coal mining area to a green space, with over 9 million trees planted in the last 30 years.
    • The National Forest Company aims to work at the intersection of environment, economy, and society, with a focus on sustainable living, low carbon, high nature, and positive wellbeing.
    • Tree planting mechanisms include grant aid to landowners, working with local authorities, and land acquisition.
    • The National Forest has had a positive impact on biodiversity, with an increase in species abundance and richness for small mammals, bats, birds, and butterflies.
    • The National Forest stores approximately 450,000 tonnes of carbon, with the potential to improve carbon sequestration rates by balancing carbon sequestration and local fit for biodiversity and landscape.
    • The RestREco project aims to restore resilient ecosystems by considering complexity and resilience as fundamental aims for restoration projects.
    • The Biochar Demonstrator Project is testing the effects of adding biochar to temperate woodland for carbon capture.
    • Sustainable low carbon tourism is being promoted in the National Forest, with an increase in visitor numbers, spending, and tourism jobs.
    • The National Forest Company is supporting the development of sustainable tourism accommodation and embedding sustainable design principles.
    • The National Forest Company is promoting nature connection and wellbeing through creating a forest for learning, the natural health service, and green social prescribing.
    • The National Forest Community Woods project involves over 60 community groups and organizations managing woodlands and community greenspaces, with support from various funding sources including the National Lottery Heritage Fund, Nature for Climate fund, corporate sponsorship, and private investors.

    The Role of Agriculture in Climate Mitigation

    • The learning outcomes include understanding the balance between feeding the human population and maintaining the environment, analyzing livestock production methods for mitigation, examining the role of producers in shaping their farming environment, reviewing goals for reaching net zero in agriculture, and appraising novel approaches for reducing emissions in agriculture.
    • The Planet of Plenty website provides insight on sustainable agri-food production, and a quiz is available to test knowledge on agriculture's impact on the planet.
    • The Green Revolution began 60 years ago, increasing crop production by 40% and animal production by 90%, while population only grew by 30%, with intensification and crop specialization allowing for this increase on 10% less land.
    • There is a disconnect between food and farming, with 75% of people in a YouGov survey identifying as meat-eaters, but overreliance on animal products and food waste are issues.
    • Self-sufficiency in food production can be sustainable, but imports may be cheaper or better quality, and the reliability of supply is a consideration.
    • Soy is a predominant plant protein, but alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition include animal co-products, milk co-products, fish products, and legumes.
    • Mitigation methods for reducing emissions in agriculture include nutrition efficiency of conversion, influences on methane from silage and concentrates, unsaturated fatty acids and methane, feed additives and methane, and genetics.
    • The producer plays a key role in sustainable farming, with incentives through ELMs, networking, support, and mental health awareness, and guidance is available on the Agricultural Transition Plan.
    • Current actions taken by producers include optimizing fertilizer use, improving grazing management, reducing tillage, and improving soil health.
    • Barriers to action include financial constraints, time constraints, and lack of knowledge or awareness.
    • Novel approaches for reducing emissions include regenerative agriculture, feeding insect protein, intercropping, biodiversity, use of renewables, and use of technology.
    • Further reading is available on topics such as reconnection in the UK food chain, pathways, targets, and temporalities for English agriculture's net zero futures, definitions of regenerative agriculture, and contested worldviews of regenerative agriculture as a practice change issue.

    The Role of Agriculture in Climate Mitigation

    • The learning outcomes include understanding the balance between feeding the human population and maintaining the environment, analyzing livestock production methods for mitigation, examining the role of producers in shaping their farming environment, reviewing goals for reaching net zero in agriculture, and appraising novel approaches for reducing emissions in agriculture.
    • The Planet of Plenty website provides insight on sustainable agri-food production, and a quiz is available to test knowledge on agriculture's impact on the planet.
    • The Green Revolution began 60 years ago, increasing crop production by 40% and animal production by 90%, while population only grew by 30%, with intensification and crop specialization allowing for this increase on 10% less land.
    • There is a disconnect between food and farming, with 75% of people in a YouGov survey identifying as meat-eaters, but overreliance on animal products and food waste are issues.
    • Self-sufficiency in food production can be sustainable, but imports may be cheaper or better quality, and the reliability of supply is a consideration.
    • Soy is a predominant plant protein, but alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition include animal co-products, milk co-products, fish products, and legumes.
    • Mitigation methods for reducing emissions in agriculture include nutrition efficiency of conversion, influences on methane from silage and concentrates, unsaturated fatty acids and methane, feed additives and methane, and genetics.
    • The producer plays a key role in sustainable farming, with incentives through ELMs, networking, support, and mental health awareness, and guidance is available on the Agricultural Transition Plan.
    • Current actions taken by producers include optimizing fertilizer use, improving grazing management, reducing tillage, and improving soil health.
    • Barriers to action include financial constraints, time constraints, and lack of knowledge or awareness.
    • Novel approaches for reducing emissions include regenerative agriculture, feeding insect protein, intercropping, biodiversity, use of renewables, and use of technology.
    • Further reading is available on topics such as reconnection in the UK food chain, pathways, targets, and temporalities for English agriculture's net zero futures, definitions of regenerative agriculture, and contested worldviews of regenerative agriculture as a practice change issue.

    Water Resources and Climate Change: Impacts and Responses

    • The water budget is a hydrological tool used to quantify the flow of water in and out of a system.

    • Water supply resilience ensures both quantity and quality support all aspects of socioeconomic sectors.

    • Groundwater exists where there is porosity, but how well groundwater can flow is dependent on permeability.

    • The geology of the South and East of England is primarily comprised of chalk, making it useful for holding large reserves of water.

    • Water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas, accounting for about 60% of the Earth's greenhouse warming effect.

    • Temperature is a cause of floods and droughts but these are caused by disruptions to the hydrological cycle and the water budget.

    • Changes in both precipitation and temperature directly impact the water budget, leading to increased water stress.

    • Polar regions are predicted to experience accelerated melting of glaciers, temporarily increasing water availability and stream flow.

    • Water use is growing at twice the rate of population increase and combined with uncertain water supplies is exacerbating already water-stressed regions.

    • Our hydrological system is a closed dynamic system so runoff volume will remain relatively stable, but the spatial distribution will change.

    • Semi-arid regions, coastal hinterlands, and mountainous regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts on water resources.

    • Water-related ecosystems, such as wetlands, are highly vulnerable to changes in water flows and provide valuable ecosystem services.Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change on Freshwater Resources: The Role of Nature-Based Solutions

    • Within the next 30 years, demand for water from agriculture and urban uses could increase by 50-70%.

    • By 2035, the energy sector is projected to consume 85% more water, increasing strains and creating conflicts between different water uses.

    • Water conservation measures such as efficient irrigation systems and promoting water-efficient appliances can increase freshwater availability.

    • Investment in water storage infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs can help manage water availability during droughts or low rainfall.

    • Addressing pollution sources and improving wastewater treatment can help ensure freshwater resources remain clean and safe for human consumption and the environment.

    • Encouraging sustainable land use practices such as reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable agriculture practices can help maintain healthy ecosystems and ensure availability of freshwater resources.

    • Conserving water is not a new concept, and examples like Bermuda's self-sufficient homes demonstrate effective water conservation measures.

    • Sustainable land practices such as agroforestry and conservation tillage can help reduce erosion and sedimentation in waterways, improving water quality and reducing negative impacts of flooding and drought.

    • Riparian buffer zones, wetland restoration, and conservation of natural vegetation can promote natural water filtration, reducing the need for expensive water treatment infrastructure.

    • Eutrophication, caused by an excess of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, can result in algal blooms and negative effects on species diversity, water quality, and aquatic life.

    • Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are defined as a way to mitigate and adapt to climate change, secure water, food, and energy supplies, reduce poverty, and drive economic growth.

    • NBS can contribute up to 37% of the mitigation required to meet the Paris climate goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial times.

    • Wetlands act as natural carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, and reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Protecting and restoring wetlands can help reduce the impacts of climate change on freshwater systems and moderate flood risk.Water Management Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation

    • The National Bureau of Statistics aims to contribute at least 30% of the overall climate mitigation required by 2030.

    • Scientific assessment and knowledge inform responses to climate change and its impacts.

    • Expanding the range of water sources available is necessary to meet demand and avoid depletion of a single source.

    • Water source options for a water company depend on the region's environmental characteristics.

    • Building more dams and reservoirs may provide short-term solutions to water shortages but can have negative impacts on ecosystems and water quality.

    • Improving water efficiency is a key part of managing water demand, with a 50% reduction in leakage rates from 2017–18 levels committed by water companies by 2050.

    • Reduction in water consumption will reduce the demand for water supply, reducing abstractions and pressure on the environment.

    • Algae can remove as much carbon as all the trees, plants, and land combined, and Brilliant Planet, a UK company, is unlocking its potential for carbon sequestration.

    • The technology developed by Brilliant Planet has the potential to sequester 2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year by pumping sea water rich in carbon and nutrients from the ocean to algae aquacultures in coastal desert locations.

    • Algae can double in biomass in less than a day and doesn't need to grow support systems, making it efficient for carbon sequestration.

    • Shade balls, black plastic balls that cover the surface of reservoirs to prevent evaporation, have conserved up to 300 million gallons of water per year in LA during droughts.

    • Producing 96 million shade balls requires an estimated 2.9 million cubic meters of water, but they have saved 1.7 million cubic meters of water during their time on the reservoir.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    L1. Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation (updated) PDF
    Climate Change Adaptation - Lecture Notes PDF
    Ecosystem Service Valuation 14Feb2023 PDF
    Carbon Management Plan PDF
    Climate Change Mitigation - AQ+CC
    National Forest CC Lecture 14 March 2023 Heather (PDF)
    Agriculture Climate Mitigation PDF
    Water and Climate Mitigation PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on one of the most pressing issues of our time with our Climate Change quiz. Learn about the causes, impacts, and responses to climate change. From natural factors like plate tectonics and the sun to human activities like burning fossil fuels, you'll discover the key factors contributing to climate change. Explore the various responses to climate change, including adaptation, mitigation, and solar radiation management. Test your knowledge on renewable energy sources, nuclear power, carbon capture and sequestration, and

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser