Climate Change and Environmental Policy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following occurred at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992?

  • The Green New Deal was proposed.
  • Greta Thunberg delivered a speech.
  • The Sunrise Movement was formed.
  • Leaders from 172 countries met to address global environmental issues. (correct)

    • As of 2020, fewer than 100 countries have signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

    False (B)

    What is the primary goal of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?

    To reduce or prevent increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

    The slow pace of addressing climate change by national governments has led individuals and groups outside of governments to develop their own ______.

    <p>responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Green New Deal?

    <p>A proposed climate policy that also seeks to address economic inequality in the United States. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the activist/movement with the description:

    <p>Greta Thunberg = Young climate change activist who addressed the United Nations. Sunrise Movement = Network of youth climate activists promoting the Green New Deal. UNFCCC = Framework that 196 countries agreed to reduce greenhouse gases. Global Climate Strike = Worldwide protest in September 2019 with over six million participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to scientists, is human-caused climate change an urgent matter?

    <p>Yes, it is an increasingly urgent matter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All government policy makers agree about the severity of the threat of climate change and how to respond.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage has the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increased since the start of the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>40 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Farmland now takes up almost a quarter of the earth’s land surface.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was the first to replace wood with fossil fuels as its main source of energy?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2018, ______ alone was responsible for 40 percent of the total CO2 emissions from human activity.

    <p>coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with what climate scientists divide the earth into when constructing a climate model:

    <p>Land = One of the Earth's components Atmosphere = One of the Earth's components Ocean = One of the Earth's components Ice = One of the Earth's components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of the world’s energy is supplied by coal, oil, and natural gas?

    <p>85 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide accounts for the minority of the greenhouse gas emissions from human activity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much has the earth’s average surface temperature risen since 1880?

    <p>2˚F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientists can study variations in climate going back eight hundred thousand years by analyzing ______ cores.

    <p>ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of studying past climate conditions using ice samples?

    <p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way different groups are responding to climate change?

    <p>Individuals relocating to areas less affected by climate change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change has the same effects in all regions of the world.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do scientists use to make projections about how the earth’s climate will change in years to come?

    <p>Climate models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change refers only to changes in temperature patterns.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do greenhouse gasses perform in the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Greenhouse gasses trap heat in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To construct a climate model, scientists spatially divide each of the earth’s components into ______ on a computer.

    <p>boxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do scientists compare the model’s results with to test the model’s accuracy?

    <p>Observations of what actually happened (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The burning of ______ is the leading cause of climate change.

    <p>fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following activities with their effect on atmospheric CO2 levels:

    <p>Deforestation = Less CO2 being removed from the atmosphere Burning fossil fuels = Increased CO2 emissions into the atmosphere Agriculture = Clearing land, potentially leading to increased CO2 Industrialization = Expanded coal mining and oil-drilling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their role in the atmosphere:

    <p>Carbon Dioxide (CO2) = Greenhouse gas that traps heat Methane = Greenhouse gas that traps heat Nitrous Oxide = Greenhouse gas that traps heat Water Vapor = Greenhouse gas that traps heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is climate change often referred to as 'global warming'?

    <p>Because the increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere causes the earth to get warmer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extreme weather events are irrefutable proof that climate change is occurring.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would the Earth's average temperature be without greenhouse gases?

    <p>Around 0˚F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People forced to flee their homes due to the effects of climate change are known as climate change ______.

    <p>refugees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities contributes most significantly to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Burning of fossil fuels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Earth's climate has never undergone natural variations before human activity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two greenhouse gasses mentioned.

    <p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossil fuels were formed from plants and animals that lived millions of years ______.

    <p>ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum timeframe over which climate change is measured?

    <p>Decades (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Climate = Long-term weather patterns in a region Weather = Short-term atmospheric conditions Global Warming = Increase in Earth's average temperature Fossil Fuels = Combustible geologic deposits of organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary reasons for uncertainty in climate model projections?

    <p>Inability to predict future greenhouse gas emissions levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientific community largely disagrees on if climate change will have significant consequences.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one sector, besides climate science, that routinely makes informed predictions despite uncertainties to help plan for the future.

    <p>Public health, military, school administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rising sea levels are caused by melting polar ice caps and the expansion of ocean waters as they ______.

    <p>warm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ecosystem to the effect of climate change:

    <p>Oceans = Increased acidity harming marine life Coastal Cities = Increased risk of flooding Low-lying Island Nations = Becoming engulfed by the sea Forests = Increased risk of wildfires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much could climate change raise the level of the world's seas by 2100?

    <p>6.6 feet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ocean acidification is beneficial for marine life because it provides them with more nutrients.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe individuals who have been displaced from their homes due to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels?

    <p>Climate change refugees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2010, temperatures in Moscow, Russia reached ______ ˚F, contributing to thousands of deaths due to a heat wave.

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific effect of climate change has impacted lobster populations in southern New England?

    <p>Rising water temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'global warming' has sometimes been replaced with 'global weirding' to encompass only increasing temperatures.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one densely-populated coastal city that experts predict could experience more floods due to rising sea levels.

    <p>Mumbai, New York, Shanghai</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kiribati purchased land from ______ as refuge for its citizens seeking to evacuate from sea level rise.

    <p>Fiji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have wildfires in Australia been connected to climate change?

    <p>Climate change has caused years of drought and contributed to record heat, worsening wildfires. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of climate change in less wealthy countries?

    <p>Forced migration and potential violence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the U.S. military, climate change does not affect U.S. security.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The residents of the Carteret Islands have not been displaced.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Southeast Asian country was devastated by a cyclone in 2008, highlighting the potential for governmental challenges in the face of disasters?

    <p>Myanmar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change ________ focuses on adjusting to the effects of climate change.

    <p>adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of the increased strength of powerful storms?

    <p>Rising ocean temperatures leading to more water vapor in the atmosphere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is climate change mitigation primarily focused on?

    <p>Reducing greenhouse gas emissions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy efficiency refers to producing less energy with more fuel.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scientists are generally quick to attribute individual extreme weather events directly to climate change.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes agreeing on climate change policies difficult?

    <p>The atmosphere is a shared resource, which makes climate change an international problem, and policy proposals are made at multiple levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one way climate change can impact human health.

    <p>Heat waves and air pollution increasing the risk of heat stroke, certain allergies, asthma, kidney disease, and heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in temperature and rainfall may shift the geographic ranges of insects that help spread certain ______.

    <p>diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atmosphere is a ________ resource, which makes climate change an international problem.

    <p>shared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects with their cause related to climate change:

    <p>Increased storm intensity = Rising ocean temperatures Species migration = Changing environmental conditions Spread of waterborne diseases = Water contamination from floods Decreased crop yields = Changes in rainfall patterns and temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country, made up of small islands in the Pacific Ocean, is highly vulnerable to rising sea levels?

    <p>Tuvalu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential impact of extreme weather events on healthcare?

    <p>Increased availability of medical supplies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change affects all places and peoples evenly.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of event significantly damaged Puerto Rico's infrastructure in 2017?

    <p>Hurricane Maria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, all species will successfully adapt to new climate conditions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the effort to reduce harm.

    <p>Mitigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two potential obstacles that may block species' migration routes as they attempt to relocate due to climate change?

    <p>Human-made obstacles like dams, roads, and cities or competition with other species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can fisheries and the fishing industry contribute to?

    <p>Food supplies and economies of many countries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Climate change's effects on food production could lead to farmers using greater quantities of chemical ______.

    <p>pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kevin Trenberth, by approximately what percentage does climate change add to precipitation during storms?

    <p>5-10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Richard Seager, climate change had no effect on the conflict in Syria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rising sea levels decrease the amount of damage caused by storms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one impact of increased ocean temperatures on fisheries?

    <p>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean affect the ability of many fish to thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease, returned to ______ in 2009 after being absent for sixty-five years.

    <p>Florida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disease or condition to its trigger event:

    <p>Heat Stroke = Heat Waves Cholera = Water Contamination Droughts = Lack of Access to Clean Water Injuries/Death = Extreme Weather Events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mentioned potential consequence of climate change on agriculture?

    <p>Improved soil quality in all regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to increased vulnerability to climate change?

    <p>Devastating poverty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Global North' and 'Global South' are perfectly accurate terms to describe the distribution of wealth and poverty across the globe.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colonialism?

    <p>The conquest, acquisition, exploitation, and political rule of territory by a foreign power for its own economic and political benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From 2010 to 2013, people in the world’s forty-eight poorest countries were five times as likely to die from __________ disasters.

    <p>climate-related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the geographical term with its description:

    <p>Global North = Generally refers to the richer parts of the world, including much of Europe and North America. Global South = Generally refers to the poorer parts of the world, including large parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Colonialism = The conquest, acquisition, exploitation, and political rule of territory by a foreign power for its own economic and political benefit. Vulnerability = The degree to which individuals, communities, or regions are susceptible to harm from climate change impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism from the global South regarding potential climate policies?

    <p>They may hinder their economic development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The poorest countries in the world are responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give an example of how colonialism has impacted international relations even after colonies gained independence.

    <p>Imperial powers used their wealth and control to acquire economic privileges in their former colonies and establish unequal trade relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many poor communities live in environmentally unsafe areas because this is where they can afford __________.

    <p>housing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons poorer countries are ill-equipped to deal with the effects of climate change?

    <p>Scarcity of money for effective infrastructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cutting greenhouse gas emissions is a cost-free endeavor for most countries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of issues are global South countries already experiencing?

    <p>Water scarcity, food shortages, poor sanitation, and limited access to safe housing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colonizers often justified their exploitation of people and resources in the colonies by claiming that they were on missions to __________ Indigenous communities.

    <p>civilize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geographical area is most likely to experience flooding in Nigeria?

    <p>Swamps and low-lying coastal areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the reading, the dispute over countries' responsibility for past and future emissions is one of the easiest issues in determining how to respond to climate change

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to a recent report, approximately what percentage of all greenhouse gas emissions were one hundred energy companies responsible for in 2015?

    <p>70 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newly industrializing countries like China have a long-standing history of greenhouse gas emissions comparable to countries like the United States.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does COP stand for in the context of international climate negotiations?

    <p>Conference of the Parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) stated that wealthier countries should provide __________ to address the problem of climate change.

    <p>funds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conferences with their key development:

    <p>Stockholm 1972 = Brings environment to UN agenda and establishes national governments' responsibility for environmental protection. Rio de Janeiro 1992 = Signing of the UNFCCC, acknowledging climate change and agreeing to stabilize emissions. Kyoto = International agreement focusing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a multinational corporation?

    <p>A business enterprise based in one country with significant operations in at least one additional country. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influence a country's stance on climate change?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kyoto Protocol successfully resolved the issue of financial responsibility for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'climate justice'?

    <p>Countries pay costs of dealing with climate change proportionately, depending on the extent of their responsibility for emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 took place in _____, Sweden.

    <p>Stockholm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to one perspective, which nations should bear most of the responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions reduction?

    <p>Nations currently emitting the most greenhouse gases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries in the European Union (EU) generally believe climate change policy should focus on future technology development rather than immediate CO2 emissions reductions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle was agreed upon by 165 governments at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992?

    <p>Preventing dangerous climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is initially expensive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because it requires turning away from _______, which are currently the cheapest and most widely-used form of energy.

    <p>fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of poorer countries in international climate negotiations, according to the text?

    <p>Primarily concerned with reducing their vulnerability to the effects of climate change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)?

    <p>Immediate climate change adaptation needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) were designed to address only immediate adaptation needs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year were the National Adaptation Programmes of Action adopted?

    <p>2001</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The funding provided by wealthier countries to support adaptation plans for poorer countries totals approximately __________ as of 2020.

    <p>$1.5 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following items related to climate change adaptation:

    <p>NAPA = Immediate adaptation needs NAPS = Medium and long-term projects UNFCCC = Climate change funding Local Stakeholders = Community input in adaptation plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a major challenge in funding adaptation to climate change?

    <p>Adaptation efforts have more local benefits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustainable development focuses on using resources without compromising the needs of future generations.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is fossil fuel usage considered unsustainable?

    <p>Because fossil fuels are finite and take millions of years to form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries pursuing sustainable development aim to balance economic growth with __________.

    <p>climate change prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym COP stand for in the context of climate change discussions?

    <p>Conference of the Parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between priorities in a NAPA and those of local stakeholders?

    <p>Higher officials decide priorities without local input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main goal of sustainable development is to achieve a high standard of living while eliminating all fossil fuel use.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of sustainable development?

    <p>Protecting environmental and human well-being in the long term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has vowed to end all fossil fuel use by 2050?

    <p>Denmark (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    California has set a goal to reduce emissions by 30 percent statewide by 2020.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What renewable energy source is utilized in some regions of the Philippines for drinking water?

    <p>solar power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Costa Rica aims to become ______ by the year 2050.

    <p>carbon neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the country with its climate action initiative:

    <p>Denmark = End all fossil fuel use by 2050 Costa Rica = Aim for carbon neutrality by 2050 California = Reduce emissions by 40% by 2030 United States = Withdraw from the Paris Agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative did Massachusetts establish in 2001?

    <p>Greenhouse gas emission limits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States has consistently led all nations in climate change mitigation efforts.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tax has Costa Rica imposed on fossil fuels?

    <p>carbon tax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BP's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions was a significant shift for ______.

    <p>corporations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following entities with their roles in addressing climate change:

    <p>Governments = Set legal policies and regulations Businesses = Improve public image through sustainability NGOs = Advocate for environmental policies Activist groups = Mobilize communities for climate action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal set by the United States when President Obama was in office?

    <p>Reduce emissions 26-28% below 2005 levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ExxonMobil has consistently funded organizations that promote climate change mitigation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one renewable energy source being harnessed in northern Peru.

    <p>rainfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fuels has a lower emissions intensity compared to coal and oil?

    <p>Natural gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the use of zero-emissions energy sources ceases all greenhouse gas emissions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of carbon taxes?

    <p>To require emitters to pay fees for the amount of CO2 they emit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptation focuses on adjusting to the effects of ______.

    <p>climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a concern related to nuclear energy?

    <p>Radioactive waste storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geoengineering aims to address the underlying causes of climate change.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of environmental NGOs like Friends of the Earth?

    <p>Pressure governments and increase public awareness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cap-and-trade?

    <p>A system that sets a limit on emissions and allows companies to buy and sell emission permits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The media's coverage of climate change has consistently remained the same over the years.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The floating farms in Bangladesh are an example of an ______ strategy.

    <p>adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following energy sources with their characteristics:

    <p>Nuclear = Produces no CO2 but has safety concerns Solar = Renewable source that harnesses sun energy Natural gas = Fossil fuel with lower emissions than coal Wind = Uses air flow to generate electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one significant barrier to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

    <p>Cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ strike movement, launched by Greta Thunberg, demands action on climate change from political leaders.

    <p>Fridays for Future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of economic policy requires emitters to pay fees based on emitted CO2?

    <p>Carbon tax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renewable energy can always be produced at a low enough cost for widespread use.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the purpose of carbon taxes?

    <p>Encourage companies to invest in alternative energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coal is one of the most expensive sources of energy available today.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do adaptation strategies vary based on?

    <p>Environmental, social, and economic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geoengineering includes strategies such as firing chemicals into ______ to change rainfall patterns.

    <p>clouds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the founder of the Fridays for Future movement?

    <p>Greta Thunberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organizations like Oxfam and the Red Cross provide _____ assistance to communities affected by climate change.

    <p>disaster relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following strategies with their definitions:

    <p>Carbon Tax = Fees on CO2 emissions Cap-and-Trade = Permit trading system for emissions Adaptation = Adjusting to climate change effects Mitigation = Reducing greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following activists or movements with their respective contributions:

    <p>Greta Thunberg = Fridays for Future movement Friends of the Earth = Climate advocacy and public awareness Oxfam = Disaster relief in climate-affected areas Climate justice marchers = Demanding political action during UN talks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is particularly problematic during the production of natural gas?

    <p>Methane (CH4) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major reason companies are still focusing on oil extraction over alternative energy?

    <p>Higher profitability of fossil fuels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nongovernmental organizations always have uniform priorities during climate negotiations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event did activists from Friends of the Earth demand climate justice?

    <p>UN talks in Copenhagen, December 2009</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to its cheaper price, energy from _____ fuels considerably challenges the transition to alternative energy.

    <p>fossil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects the increasing awareness of climate change globally?

    <p>A rise in international youth activism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant outcome of COP-15 held in Copenhagen in 2009?

    <p>Copenhagen Accord requiring voluntary emissions pledges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kyoto Protocol imposed binding emissions restrictions on all countries, including China and India.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the Paris Climate Agreement adopted during COP-21?

    <p>To create voluntary plans for reducing domestic greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Action Plans (NAPs) adopted during COP-18 were aimed at ______ against climate change effects.

    <p>long-term protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the COP events with their outcomes:

    <p>COP-3 = Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol COP-7 = Adoption of NAPAs for climate change protection COP-16 = Voluntary emission reductions by high-emitting countries COP-21 = Adoption of the Paris Climate Agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant decision was made at COP-17 in Durban in 2011?

    <p>Agreement to establish a legally binding deal by 2015 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The U.S. formally withdrew from the Paris Agreement in November 2019.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mitigation in the context of climate change?

    <p>Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent climate change effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries at COP-20 in Lima agreed to present their plans for reducing ______ emissions.

    <p>greenhouse gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following COP meetings with their locations:

    <p>COP-3 = Kyoto, Japan COP-15 = Copenhagen, Denmark COP-21 = Paris, France COP-25 = Madrid, Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Paris Climate Agreement requires all countries to submit legally binding emission reduction targets.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary criticism of the Kyoto Protocol?

    <p>It did not impose restrictions on China or India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    COP-18 led to the extension of the Kyoto Protocol until ______.

    <p>2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At COP-25 held in Madrid, what was the main issue faced by the participating countries?

    <p>Finalizing the rulebook of the Paris Climate Agreement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Greta Thunberg

    A young climate activist known for her speeches on climate change.

    UNFCCC

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, an international treaty to combat climate change.

    Earth Summit 1992

    An international meeting in Rio de Janeiro addressing global environmental issues.

    Green New Deal

    A proposed U.S. policy to tackle climate change and economic inequality.

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    Global Climate Strike

    A worldwide protest movement for climate action, emphasizing urgent response to climate change.

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    Sunrise Movement

    A youth-led organization advocating for climate policies and justice.

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    Climate change challenges

    The difficulties faced in creating effective climate policies due to differing interests.

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    Greenhouse gases

    Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

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    Climate change

    Significant shifts in climate factors over decades.

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    Climate change refugees

    People forced to flee homes due to climate effects.

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    Cumulative carbon emissions

    Total greenhouse gases emitted by countries over time.

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    Human activities

    Actions like burning fossil fuels increasing greenhouse gases.

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    Global warming

    Current climate change primarily due to human actions.

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    Fossil fuels

    Energy sources that release CO2 when burned.

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    Weather vs. climate

    Weather changes day-to-day; climate is long-term.

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    Climate justice

    Fair responses to climate change impacts and responsibilities.

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    Local government actions

    Plans created to help communities adapt to climate change.

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    International community response

    Global actions aimed at addressing climate change fairly.

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    Case studies

    Examples showing global variations in climate experience.

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    Environmental standards

    Regulations aimed at protecting the environment.

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    Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

    Groups working to influence policy and educate public.

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    Pressing need for action

    Urgent requirement to address climate change effects.

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    Industrial Revolution

    A period starting in the mid-1700s, transitioning from agrarian to industrial societies, increasing fossil fuel use.

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    CO2 Emissions

    Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, primarily from burning fossil fuels.

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    Deforestation

    Clearing forests for agriculture, reducing CO2 absorption and increasing greenhouse gases.

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    Climate Change Evidence

    Observations like rising temperatures and melting glaciers indicating climate shifts.

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    Ice Cores

    Cylinders of ice drilled from glaciers used to study historical climate data.

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    Climate Models

    Mathematical simulations predicting future climate changes based on environmental data.

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    Atmospheric CO2 Levels

    Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, significantly rising since industrialization.

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    Average Surface Temperature

    The mean temperature at the earth's surface, which has risen by 2˚F since 1880.

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    Agricultural Impact

    Transition from hunting to farming led to land clearing, affecting CO2 dynamics.

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    Greenhouse Effect

    Natural process where certain gases trap heat, essential for life but problematic with excess.

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    Evidence of Rapid Change

    Warming rate is ten times faster than after ice ages since 1970.

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    Human Climate Impact

    Human activities since the Industrial Revolution have significantly altered the climate.

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    Skepticism in Climate Science

    Some people doubt climate science despite scientific consensus on climate change.

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    Greenhouse Gas Emissions

    Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

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    Rising Sea Levels

    Increase in ocean water level due to melting ice and thermal expansion.

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    Extreme Weather Events

    Unusual and severe weather conditions intensified by climate change.

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    Ocean Acidification

    Decrease in pH levels of oceans due to CO2 absorption.

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    Polar Ice Caps

    Large ice formations in polar regions melting due to warming.

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    Heat Waves

    Prolonged periods of excessively hot weather.

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    Droughts

    Extended periods of deficient rainfall affecting water supply.

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    Environmental Impact

    Consequences of climate change on ecosystems and human health.

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    Technological Developments

    Advancements that can influence greenhouse gas emissions.

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    International Negotiations

    Global discussions aimed at addressing climate change.

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    Adaptation Strategies

    Plans to adjust to changing climate conditions.

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    Wildfires

    Uncontrolled fires in forests exacerbated by dry conditions.

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    Public Health Planning

    Preparing for health impacts from climate change.

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    Food Supply Impact

    Climate change affects food resources, contributing to rising prices.

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    Political Conflict

    Environmental changes can escalate tensions and conflicts in regions.

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    Refugees due to Climate

    Displacement of people from their homes due to environmental disasters.

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    Authoritarian Responses

    Governments may react with strict measures during crises.

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    Hurricane Impact

    Severe storms can devastate infrastructure and communities.

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    Energy Efficiency

    Producing more energy with less fuel or resource consumption.

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    Mitigation

    Efforts to reduce the causes and harmful effects of climate change.

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    Adaptation

    Adjustment to new climate conditions to minimize impacts.

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    Vulnerability

    The degree to which a community is susceptible to climate impacts.

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    Tuvalu's Future

    An example of a nation facing uninhabitability due to rising sea levels.

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    Sea Level Rise

    The increasing level of the ocean due to melting ice and warming.

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    Hurricane Maria

    A category four hurricane that devastated Puerto Rico in 2017.

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    Syria’s Drought

    Drought exacerbated by climate change contributed to conflict.

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    U.S. Military and Climate

    The U.S. military regards climate change as a security threat.

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    Multinational corporation

    A business enterprise operating in multiple countries.

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    Per capita emissions

    Greenhouse gas emissions calculated per person in a country.

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    Historical emissions

    Total greenhouse gas emissions accumulated over a country's history.

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    UNFCCC principles

    Guidelines established to combat climate change collectively.

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    COP meetings

    Conferences where countries negotiate climate policies annually.

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    Kyoto Protocol

    An international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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    Vulnerability to climate change

    The extent to which a country can be harmed by climate impacts.

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    Industrialization impact

    The environmental effects resulting from a country's industrial activities.

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    Financial responsibility

    The question of who should pay for climate change mitigation efforts.

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    Current emissions vs historical emissions

    Debate over which metric should determine responsibility for climate change.

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    Economic impact on climate policy

    The influence of a country’s economy on its approach to addressing climate change.

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    Global South limitations

    Restrictions on emissions for developing countries during industrialization.

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    Global North

    The term for the wealthier regions of the world, primarily Europe and North America.

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    Global South

    Refers to developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America, often facing poverty and environmental challenges.

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    Colonialism

    The practice of acquiring and exploiting territory by foreign powers for economic gain.

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    Environmental Injustice

    The unequal distribution of environmental hazards among different social groups.

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    Responsibility for Emissions

    The debate over which countries should bear the costs of climate change based on their historical greenhouse gas emissions.

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    Adaptation to Climate Change

    Adjusting practices, processes, and structures to minimize damage from climate impacts.

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    Economic Development vs Emission Cuts

    The tension between growing economies in poorer countries and the need to reduce greenhouse gases.

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    Climate-Related Disasters

    Severe weather events exacerbated by climate change, leading to significant damage.

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    Infrastructure Deficiencies

    Lack of essential services, like healthcare and clean water, often in poorer communities.

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    Historical Impact of Colonialism

    The lasting effects of past colonization that influence current social and economic issues.

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    Capacities During Disasters

    The resources and abilities available to a community to respond to and recover from disasters.

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    Flood Risks in Poor Areas

    High likelihood of flooding faced by low-income neighborhoods due to poor housing and location.

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    Negotiations on Climate Responsibility

    Discussions about assigning blame and responsibility for climate change impacts among nations.

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    Emission Intensity

    Refers to the amount of emissions produced per unit of energy or fuel used.

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    Natural Gas

    A fossil fuel that emits less CO2 compared to coal and oil.

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    Zero-Emissions Energy Sources

    Energy sources that do not emit greenhouse gases when used, such as wind, solar, and nuclear power.

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    Nuclear Energy Issues

    Safety concerns and radioactive waste management associated with nuclear power.

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    Carbon Tax

    A charge imposed on emitters based on the amount of CO2 they release.

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    Cap-and-Trade System

    A market-based approach where companies buy and sell permits to emit greenhouse gases.

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    Mitigation vs. Adaptation

    Mitigation reduces emissions; adaptation adjusts to climate change effects.

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    Geoengineering

    Large-scale interventions to alter the environment to counteract climate change effects.

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    Economic Opportunity in Climate Change

    Viewing climate initiatives as chances for economic growth, not just costs.

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    Emissions Permits

    Allowances that let companies emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases.

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    Greenhouse Gas Accumulation

    Past emissions still impacting future climate conditions.

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    Vulnerable Countries

    Nations most affected by climate change, often due to geographical factors.

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    Economic Policies for Mitigation

    Policies like carbon taxes and cap-and-trade that incentivize lowering emissions.

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    Climate Change Adaptation Needs

    Varies based on each region's environmental and economic context.

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    Powerful Storms

    Severe weather events that have increased due to climate change.

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    Ocean Temperature Rise

    Increase in water temperatures that leads to more water vapor and stronger storms.

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    500-Year Floods

    Flood events that occur much more frequently than every 500 years due to climate change.

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    Extreme Weather Patterns

    Changes in weather that lead to increased heat waves, floods, and droughts.

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    Health Impacts

    Effects of climate change on human health, such as increased disease risk.

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    Waterborne Diseases

    Diseases that spread through contaminated water, intensified by climate change.

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    Species Migration

    The movement of species to new areas as they adapt to changing climates.

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    Ecosystem Disruption

    Changes that affect entire ecosystems due to species relocations or extinctions.

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    Food Production Challenges

    Effects of climate change that impact agriculture and crop yields.

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    Chemical Pesticides

    Substances used in agriculture that may increase due to changing farming practices.

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    Mental Health Impact

    Effects of extreme weather on psychological well-being, increasing stress and violence.

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    Urban Heat Effects

    Risks of heat-related illnesses amplified in urban areas due to climate change.

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    COP-3

    The third Conference of the Parties, where the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997.

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    National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)

    Plans adopted in 2001 to address immediate climate change effects.

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    Copenhagen Accord

    An agreement from COP-15 in 2009 that emphasized voluntary emissions reduction pledges.

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    Paris Climate Agreement

    An agreement from COP-21 in 2015 that set a goal to limit global warming.

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    COP-21

    The Conference of the Parties in 2015 where the Paris Agreement was adopted.

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    COP-17

    The conference in 2011 where an agreement was made to create a legally binding climate deal by 2015.

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    Lima Accord

    An agreement from COP-20 in 2014 for all countries to submit emission reduction plans voluntarily.

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    COP-25

    The conference in 2019 where countries failed to finalize the rulebook for the Paris Agreement.

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    National Action Plans (NAPs)

    Plans adopted in 2012 for long-term protection against climate change effects.

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    U.S. withdrawal from Paris Agreement

    The formal process initiated by President Trump in 2019 to exit the Paris Agreement.

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    Emissions reduction targets

    Specific goals set by countries to limit their greenhouse gas emissions.

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    Renewable Energy in Global South

    Use of sustainable power sources to aid development in poorer regions.

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    Green Growth Concept

    Poorer countries can develop using environmentally friendly technologies.

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    Sustainability and Loans

    Wealthy countries offer loans to poor nations with sustainability conditions.

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    Carbon Neutral Vows

    Commitments by institutions to produce no net carbon emissions.

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    Denmark's Energy Goals

    Country aims to end fossil fuel use by 2050, focusing on wind energy.

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    Costa Rica's Carbon Neutrality Goal

    Aspires to be carbon neutral by 2050 through electric vehicles and forest expansion.

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    California's Emission Targets

    State laws require significant greenhouse gas emission reductions by 2030.

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    Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative

    Northeast U.S. program limiting greenhouse emissions via cap-and-trade.

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    BP's Climate Change Policy

    Oil company voluntarily measures its emissions and reduces pollution levels.

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    ExxonMobil's Contradictory Actions

    Oil company advertises climate commitments while supporting denial campaigns.

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    Independent City Climate Policies

    Cities creating their own climate rules, especially in the US.

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    Local Government Climate Initiative

    States like Massachusetts enact rules against greenhouse gas emissions.

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    Global Warming Solutions Act

    California law mandates a 30% statewide emission reduction by 2020.

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    Interest Groups Climate Response

    Various activists propose strategies to counter slow UN climate action.

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    Employment from Sustainable Development

    Green technologies in the global South create job opportunities while reducing emissions.

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    Prioritization in NAPAs

    A ranked list of projects countries see as highest priorities for adaptation.

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    Fund for Adaptation

    A financial mechanism by wealthier countries supporting adaptation efforts in poorer nations.

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    National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)

    Plans adopted to address medium- and long-term climate adaptation needs.

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    Local stakeholder input

    Involvement of local communities in decision-making for adaptation efforts.

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    Sustainable Development

    Using resources to meet present needs without compromising future generations.

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    Economic growth and climate concerns

    Challenges in balancing economic development with climate change adaptation.

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    Fossil fuels sustainability

    Fossil fuels are not sustainable due to their limited supply and harmful emissions.

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    Adaptation funding challenges

    Difficulties in determining how to finance climate adaptation projects.

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    Coastal forest projects

    A key priority in Bangladesh's NAPA for protecting against climate impacts.

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    Community participation

    Engaging local populations in assessing and deciding on climate adaptation needs.

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    Climate change local impacts

    The effects of climate change experienced specifically in local regions and communities.

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    Voluntary contributions

    Financial contributions to climate adaptation efforts that wealthy nations give willingly.

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    Public Awareness

    Increased knowledge about climate change due to media and NGOs.

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    Friends of the Earth

    An NGO that campaigns for climate justice and environmental protection.

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    Fridays for Future

    A youth-led global climate strike movement started by Greta Thunberg.

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    Mitigation Policies

    Strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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    Youth Activism

    Engagement of young people in promoting change for climate action.

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    Media's Role

    The importance of media coverage in raising climate awareness.

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    Environmental Advocacy

    Efforts to promote environmental protection and changes.

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    Greenwashing

    When companies falsely portray themselves as environmentally friendly.

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    Climate Change Impact

    The effects of climate change on weather, ecosystems, and communities.

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    Study Notes

    Greta Thunberg's Speech and Climate Activism

    • Sixteen-year-old Greta Thunberg's UN speech on climate change garnered significant media attention.
    • She was part of a global youth climate movement with protests in over 100 countries.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

    • The UNFCCC, signed by 196 countries by 2020, commits to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
    • It initiated a series of climate change conferences.

    Challenges in International Climate Action

    • Reaching agreement on solutions is difficult, due to diverse concerns of nations, individuals, businesses, and activists.
    • Scientists emphasize urgency, while policymakers often disagree on the severity of climate change and how to respond.
    • This leads to slow progress in international negotiations.

    Evidence and Causes of Climate Change

    • Climate change refers to significant shifts in environmental factors over decades.
    • While the Earth's climate has naturally varied throughout history, recent changes are primarily human-caused.
    • Greenhouse gases, such as CO2, trap heat, and human activities, especially fossil fuel burning, increased their concentration.
    • Prior to industrialization, deforestation reduced CO2 absorption, and post-Industrial Revolution fossil fuel use sharply increased atmospheric CO2.
    • Earth's average surface temperature has risen 2˚F since 1880, significantly faster than after most ice ages.
    • Evidence includes rising ocean temperatures and acidity, shrinking glaciers, and increasing extreme weather events.
    • Scientists use ice core samples to study historical CO2 levels and create climate models to predict the future.

    Effects of Climate Change

    • Oceans: Sea levels are projected to rise by up to 6.6 feet by 2100, impacting coastal cities and low-lying island nations like the Carteret, Marshall, and Kiribati Islands. Ocean acidification harms marine life.
    • Extreme Weather: Increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, droughts, and powerful storms (hurricanes, cyclones) are observed globally.
    • Health: Heat waves, air pollution, and extreme weather events threaten human health, increasing risks of heatstroke, allergies, asthma, kidney/heart disease, and waterborne diseases.
    • Species Migration and Extinction: Species are shifting habitats to avoid warming, and many face extinction risks due to inability to adapt or relocation obstacles.
    • Food and Agriculture: Crop yields are decreasing in many regions, while droughts and floods damage food production. Fisheries are also threatened by rising ocean temperatures.
    • Conflict and Security: Climate change impacts can exacerbate political conflicts and security risks, including resource scarcity (water and food) and displacement of populations, as well as military threats from rising sea levels affecting bases.

    International Response and Agreements

    • The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro marked the beginning of international climate agreements.

    • Conferences of the Parties (COPs) are regularly held to address climate change.

    • The Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement are major international agreements aiming to limit emissions.

    • Despite these efforts, disagreements persist regarding responsibility, cost-sharing, and specific actions.

    • Different countries have different priorities and concerns regarding climate change.

    National and Local Responses

    • National governments and local communities are taking action to address climate change independently or in conjunction with international agreements.
    • Some countries are setting targets to reduce fossil fuel use and shift towards renewable energy (Denmark, Costa Rica).
    • Businesses and NGOs are increasingly involved in climate action, with some companies facing pressure to demonstrate greater environmental responsibility.

    Obstacles to Action

    • Cost: The switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy is expensive.
    • Resistance: Mitigation measures face resistance due to potential economic impacts and lifestyle changes.
    • Policy complexities: International agreements struggle to address the fair distribution of costs and consequences.

    Adaptation and Sustainable Development

    • Adaptation and mitigation are now prioritized equally regarding climate change.
    • Adaptation strategies aim at adjusting to climate change effects by using early warning systems, adapting farming practices, and improving access to health care.
    • Sustainable development is crucial to prevent long-term environmental harm by balancing economic growth with environmental protection.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key events and agreements surrounding climate change, particularly focusing on the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This quiz covers various aspects of global environmental movements and the current state of climate science.

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