Classification of Schizophrenia Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following manuals are used to diagnose mental illness?

  • The Psychiatric Evaluation Manual
  • The Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (correct)
  • The International Classification Of Diseases (ICD) (correct)
  • The Mental Health Assessment Tools

    • What is classification?

    Identifying clusters of symptoms, putting them into categories, and classifying the disorder as part of a wider class of disorders.

    Match Schneider's symptoms with their descriptions:

    Passivity experiences and thought disorders = Thoughts and actions perceived as under external control Auditory hallucinations = Voices in their heads discussing the sufferer's behavior Primary delusions = Believing they are very important, such as Jesus reborn

    What is psychopathology?

    <p>Study of diseases of the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define psychosis.

    <p>A severe mental personality disorder characterized by mental and emotional disruptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neurosis?

    <p>A mild mental disorder that doesn't arise from organic diseases but occurs from stress, depression, and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aetiology?

    <p>The study of the origins of mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Type I schizophrenia?

    <p>Acute form characterized by positive symptoms and responsive to medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Type II schizophrenia?

    <p>Chronic type characterized by negative symptoms and unresponsive to medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are negative symptoms?

    <p>Behaviors concerning disruption of normal emotions and actions, which occur in chronic episodes and are resistant to medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide examples of negative symptoms.

    <p>Affective deficits, communication deficits, avolition, relational deficits, poor hygiene, social withdrawal, catatonia, apathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is speech poverty?

    <p>A negative symptom recognized by the ICD-10, involving a lack of speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive symptoms?

    <p>Behaviors indicating a loss of touch with reality, such as hallucinations and delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide examples of positive symptoms.

    <p>Hallucinations, echolalia, psychomotor agitation, incoherent speech, stereotypical behavior, delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hallucinations?

    <p>The perception of something real that does not truly exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are delusions?

    <p>A false belief that is resistant to confrontation with the truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Slater & Roth's symptoms?

    <p>Thought process disorders, disturbances of effect, psychomotor disturbances, avolition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification systems are commonly used for schizophrenia?

    <p>The DSM-5 and ICD-10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define reliability in the context of diagnosis.

    <p>The degree to which different clinicians agree on the same diagnosis for the same patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of reliability?

    <p>Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is positive predictive value (PPV)?

    <p>A proportion of people keeping the same diagnosis over a period of time, usually expressed as a percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Schizophrenia

    • Diagnostics primarily rely on two manuals: DSM (Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD (International Classification of Diseases).
    • DSM developed by the American Psychiatric Association; ICD by the World Health Organization.

    What is Classification

    • Involves clustering symptoms and categorizing them.
    • Aims to classify the disorder within a broader group of mental health disorders.

    Schneider's (1959) Symptoms

    • Passivity experiences: Perception of thoughts/actions being externally controlled.
    • Auditory hallucinations: Hearing violent voices commenting on the individual's behavior.
    • Primary delusions: False beliefs in high importance, such as being a religious figure.

    Psychopathology

    • The study focused on mental diseases.

    Psychosis

    • Severe mental disorder characterized by significant emotional and mental disruptions.
    • More debilitating than neurosis.

    Neurosis

    • Also referred to as chronic; it is a mild mental disorder not stemming from organic diseases.
    • Often linked to stress, anxiety, and depression.

    Aetiology

    • The examination of origins and causes of mental disorders.

    Type I Schizophrenia

    • Acute form with positive symptoms; typically responsive to medication.

    Type II Schizophrenia

    • Chronic type characterized by negative symptoms; usually resistant to medication.

    Negative Symptoms

    • Include emotional disruptions and dysfunctional behaviors.
    • Common in chronic episodes, leading to difficulties in social functioning.

    Examples of Negative Symptoms

    • Affective deficits: Lack of emotional expression.
    • Communication deficits: Variable speech patterns.
    • Avolition: Reduced motivation.
    • Social withdrawal and poor personal hygiene.
    • Catatonia: Lack of movement.

    Speech Poverty

    • Recognized as a negative symptom by ICD-10; involves limited speech output.

    Positive Symptoms

    • Represent loss of reality touch, including hallucinations and delusions.
    • Typically occur in acute episodes and are responsive to medication.

    Examples of Positive Symptoms

    • Hallucinations and delusions.
    • Echolalia: Repetition of another's speech.
    • Psychomotor agitation and incoherent speech.

    Hallucinations

    • False perceptions of non-existent stimuli.

    Delusions

    • Strongly held false beliefs not aligned with reality.

    Slater & Roth's (1969) Symptoms

    • Thought process disorders: Includes speech poverty and unusual language use.
    • Disturbances of effect: Inappropriate responses to situations.
    • Psychomotor disturbances: Involvement in tics or repetitive behaviors.
    • Avolition: Lack of decision-making and low energy.

    Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

    • Diagnosed through DSM-5 or ICD-10 systems; distinct symptoms allow reliable diagnosis.

    Reliability

    • Refers to consistency in diagnosing schizophrenia among clinicians.
    • Test-retest reliability: Evaluation of consistency across multiple assessments.
    • Inter-rater reliability: Agreement between different clinicians diagnosing a patient.

    Positive Predictive Value (PPV) & Cohen's Kappa

    • Measures of reliability evaluating consistency of diagnoses over time.
    • PPV reflects the proportion of patients retaining the same diagnosis, usually expressed in percentages.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the classification of schizophrenia using major diagnostic manuals. You will learn about the DSM and ICD methods employed in the diagnosis of this mental illness. Perfect for psychology students and professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge in psychiatric classifications.

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