Classification of Matter

Classification of Matter

• Matter can be classified into three main categories:
  • Solids: Have a fixed shape and volume, particles are closely packed.
  • Liquids: Have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, particles are close but can move past each other.
  • Gases: Have neither a fixed shape nor volume, particles are widely spaced and can move freely.

Types of Matter

• Elements: Substances that consist of only one type of atom, e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, carbon.
• Compounds: Substances that consist of two or more different elements, e.g., water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Mixtures: Physical combinations of two or more substances, e.g., air, soil, blood.

Physical Properties of Matter

• State: The physical form of matter, e.g., solid, liquid, gas.
• Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume, e.g., density of water is 1 g/cm3.
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
• Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

Changes in Matter

• Physical Change: A change in which the substance remains the same but its physical properties change, e.g., ice → water → steam.
• Chemical Change: A change in which the substance transforms into a new substance, e.g., rusting of iron, burning of wood.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

• Particles of Matter: The tiny building blocks of matter, e.g., atoms, molecules, ions.
• Particle Motion: The movement of particles in a substance, which affects its physical properties.
• Interparticle Forces: The attractive and repulsive forces between particles, which influence the physical properties of a substance.

Classification of Matter

• Matter can be classified into three main categories: solids, liquids, and gases.
• Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles closely packed.
• Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles close but able to move past each other.
• Gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume, with particles widely spaced and able to move freely.

Types of Matter

• Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom, examples include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
• Compounds are substances that consist of two or more different elements, examples include water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances, examples include air, soil, and blood.

Physical Properties of Matter

• State is the physical form of matter, which can be solid, liquid, or gas.
• Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume, for example, the density of water is 1 g/cm3.
• Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
• Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

Changes in Matter

• Physical change is a change in which the substance remains the same but its physical properties change, for example, ice → water → steam.
• Chemical change is a change in which the substance transforms into a new substance, examples include the rusting of iron and the burning of wood.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

• Particles of matter are the tiny building blocks of matter, including atoms, molecules, and ions.
• Particle motion is the movement of particles in a substance, which affects its physical properties.
• Interparticle forces are the attractive and repulsive forces between particles, which influence the physical properties of a substance.