Classification of Diseases and Trauma

Study Notes

Classification of Diseases

Heredity: Caused by abnormalities in a person's genetic or chromosomal makeup. Diseases can be congenital (present at birth) or develop later. Subtypes include single-gene abnormalities (e.g., sickle cell anemia), polygenic abnormalities (e.g., gout, hypertension), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome).

Trauma

Cause: Physical injury from external force.
Leading Cause of Death: A significant cause of death in children and young adults.
Frequent Types: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA), fires, poisonings, falls, suffocation, suicide, homicide.
Most Frequent: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA).

Inflammation and Infection

Inflammation: A protective immune response triggered by injury or irritation.
Infection: Invasion of microorganisms into tissues leading to cell or tissue damage.
Relationship: Often occur together, where inflammation can progress to infection.
Suffix "itis": Refers to inflammation.
Role: Inflammatory response reduces tissue damage, maintaining homeostasis.
Signs: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Mediators: Histamine, prostaglandins, and kinins cause blood vessel dilation, increased white blood cell movement, and exudate accumulation.
Types: Local or systemic, acute or chronic.
Chronic: Can itself be a disease, causing tissue damage.

Tumors

Oncology: The study of cancer.
Neoplasm: Abnormal cell growth.
Benign Tumors: Localized growth, typically encapsulated..
Malignant Tumors: Uncontrolled growth, invasive into surrounding tissues.
Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to a new location.
Hyperplasia: Excessive cell growth (too many cells).
Neoplasia: Abnormal cell growth leading to tumor.
Benign Tumor suffixes: "oma."
Malignant tumors: Carcinomas (epithelial) and sarcomas (connective tissue).
Examples (epithelial): Papilloma (fingerlike), adenoma (glandular), melanoma (melanocytes), adenocarcinoma (glandular).
Examples (connective tissue): Lipoma (fat), osteoma (bone), chondroma (cartilage), lymphoma (lymphatic), osteosarcoma (bone), myeloma (bone marrow), fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue).
Cancer Cause: Unknown. Factors include genetic predisposition (oncogenes), carcinogens, age, viruses.
Detection: Self-examination, diagnostic imaging (radiography, MRI, ultrasound, CT scan), biopsies (e.g., Pap smear), blood tests.
Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, immunotherapy.

Nutritional Imbalance

Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrient intake (insufficient or poor quality nutrients), or absorption problem.
Obesity: Overconsumption of nutrients and/or lack of exercise.

Impaired Immunity

Defense Mechanisms: Skin, mucous membranes, tears, secretions, inflammatory response, and specific antigen-antibody reactions.
Immunity Disruptions: Allergies (overactive response), autoimmunity (immune system attacks the body's own tissues), immunodeficiency (weakened or absent immune response).
Examples of immunodeficiency: AIDS, chemotherapy, radiation, organ recipients.

Infections

Causes: Viruses (nucleus acid with protein coat, intracellular), bacteria (cells without nuclei, secrete toxins), fungi (lack chlorophyll, yeasts and molds), single-celled organisms (protozoa, amoebas, flagellates, ciliates).
Bacterial Classifications: By function (aerobic or anaerobic), by cell wall composition (Gram-positive or Gram-negative), and by shape/size (bacilli, cocci, curved/spiral).
Pathogenic animals: Nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminths (flatworms), arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas).
Prevention/Control: Person-to-person contact prevention (education, aseptic technique), environmental contact control (sanitation), opportunistic infection prevention (wound cleansing), vector-borne disease prevention (reducing vector populations), vaccination, chemicals (antiseptics), antibiotics.

Description

This quiz explores the classification of diseases caused by heredity, trauma, inflammation, and infection. Understand the causes, types, and implications of various health conditions, including genetic disorders and physical injuries. Enhance your knowledge on how these medical issues impact individuals and society.