Classification of Diseases and Trauma

Classification of Diseases

• Heredity: Caused by abnormalities in a person's genetic or chromosomal makeup. Diseases can be congenital (present at birth) or develop later. Subtypes include single-gene abnormalities (e.g., sickle cell anemia), polygenic abnormalities (e.g., gout, hypertension), and chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome).

Trauma

• Cause: Physical injury from external force.
• Leading Cause of Death: A significant cause of death in children and young adults.
• Frequent Types: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA), fires, poisonings, falls, suffocation, suicide, homicide.
• Most Frequent: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA).

Inflammation and Infection

• Inflammation: A protective immune response triggered by injury or irritation.
• Infection: Invasion of microorganisms into tissues leading to cell or tissue damage.
• Relationship: Often occur together, where inflammation can progress to infection.
• Suffix "itis": Refers to inflammation.
• Role: Inflammatory response reduces tissue damage, maintaining homeostasis.
• Signs: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
• Mediators: Histamine, prostaglandins, and kinins cause blood vessel dilation, increased white blood cell movement, and exudate accumulation.
• Types: Local or systemic, acute or chronic.
• Chronic: Can itself be a disease, causing tissue damage.

Tumors

• Oncology: The study of cancer.

• Neoplasm: Abnormal cell growth.

• Benign Tumors: Localized growth, typically encapsulated..

• Malignant Tumors: Uncontrolled growth, invasive into surrounding tissues.

• Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to a new location.

• Hyperplasia: Excessive cell growth (too many cells).

• Neoplasia: Abnormal cell growth leading to tumor.

• Benign Tumor suffixes: "oma."

• Malignant tumors: Carcinomas (epithelial) and sarcomas (connective tissue).

• Examples (epithelial): Papilloma (fingerlike), adenoma (glandular), melanoma (melanocytes), adenocarcinoma (glandular).

• Examples (connective tissue): Lipoma (fat), osteoma (bone), chondroma (cartilage), lymphoma (lymphatic), osteosarcoma (bone), myeloma (bone marrow), fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue).

• Cancer Cause: Unknown. Factors include genetic predisposition (oncogenes), carcinogens, age, viruses.

• Detection: Self-examination, diagnostic imaging (radiography, MRI, ultrasound, CT scan), biopsies (e.g., Pap smear), blood tests.

• Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, immunotherapy.

Nutritional Imbalance

• Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrient intake (insufficient or poor quality nutrients), or absorption problem.
• Obesity: Overconsumption of nutrients and/or lack of exercise.

Impaired Immunity

• Defense Mechanisms: Skin, mucous membranes, tears, secretions, inflammatory response, and specific antigen-antibody reactions.
• Immunity Disruptions: Allergies (overactive response), autoimmunity (immune system attacks the body's own tissues), immunodeficiency (weakened or absent immune response).
• Examples of immunodeficiency: AIDS, chemotherapy, radiation, organ recipients.

Infections

• Causes: Viruses (nucleus acid with protein coat, intracellular), bacteria (cells without nuclei, secrete toxins), fungi (lack chlorophyll, yeasts and molds), single-celled organisms (protozoa, amoebas, flagellates, ciliates).
• Bacterial Classifications: By function (aerobic or anaerobic), by cell wall composition (Gram-positive or Gram-negative), and by shape/size (bacilli, cocci, curved/spiral).
• Pathogenic animals: Nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminths (flatworms), arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas).
• Prevention/Control: Person-to-person contact prevention (education, aseptic technique), environmental contact control (sanitation), opportunistic infection prevention (wound cleansing), vector-borne disease prevention (reducing vector populations), vaccination, chemicals (antiseptics), antibiotics.