Classification of Diseases and Trauma

Classification of Diseases

• Hereditary Diseases: Result from abnormalities in a person's genes or chromosomes.
  • May or may not be present at birth.
  • Congenital diseases are present at birth.
  • Types:
    • Single gene abnormalities (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
    • Abnormalities in multiple genes (polygenic, e.g., gout, hypertension)
    • Abnormalities in chromosomes (e.g., Down syndrome).

Trauma

• Caused by physical injury from an external force.
• A significant cause of death, especially in children and young adults.
• Common types of trauma include: motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), fires, poisonings, falls, suffocation, suicide, and homicide.
• MVAs are the most prevalent type of trauma.

Inflammation and Infection

• Inflammation: Protective immune response to injury or irritant.

• Infection: Invasion of microorganisms causing tissue damage.

• Inflammation often precedes infection.

• "Itis" suffix often indicates inflammation.

• Inflammatory Response Details:

  • Reduces tissue damage, maintaining homeostasis
  • Signs include redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
  • Mediators like histamine, prostaglandins, and kinins cause blood vessel dilation, increased blood flow(redness and heat), white blood cell movement, and exudate buildup (swelling and pain) .
  • Can be local or systemic, acute or chronic.
  • Chronic inflammation can become a disease itself.

Tumors

• Oncology: Field studying cancers.
• Neoplasm: Abnormal cell growth.
  • Benign tumors remain localized.
  • Malignant tumors spread, forming secondary tumors.
• Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells from primary tumor to new locations.
• Hyperplasia/Neoplasm:
  • Hyperplasia: Excessive growth.
  • Neoplasm: New growth.
• Benign tumors often end in "-oma".
• Cancer: Malignant tumor.