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Questions and Answers
What type of alcohol has the hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms?
What type of alcohol has the hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms?
What is the trend in boiling points of alcohols as the number of carbon atoms increases?
What is the trend in boiling points of alcohols as the number of carbon atoms increases?
What is the product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
What is the product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
What type of reaction occurs when an ether is cleaved by a strong acid?
What type of reaction occurs when an ether is cleaved by a strong acid?
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What is the general structure of an ether?
What is the general structure of an ether?
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What is the name of the reaction in which an alcohol is converted to an alkene?
What is the name of the reaction in which an alcohol is converted to an alkene?
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What type of intermolecular force is responsible for the increasing boiling points of alcohols as the number of carbon atoms increases?
What type of intermolecular force is responsible for the increasing boiling points of alcohols as the number of carbon atoms increases?
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What is the reaction in which an ether is oxidized to form a peroxide?
What is the reaction in which an ether is oxidized to form a peroxide?
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Study Notes
Classification of Alcohols
- Primary (1°) alcohols: The hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a primary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to only one other carbon atom).
- Secondary (2°) alcohols: The hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a secondary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms).
- Tertiary (3°) alcohols: The hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom (a carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms).
Physical Properties of Alcohols
- Boiling Points: Increase as the number of carbon atoms increases, due to increased intermolecular forces.
- Solubility: Lower molecular weight alcohols are soluble in water, while higher molecular weight alcohols are less soluble.
- Viscosity: Increase as the number of carbon atoms increases, due to increased intermolecular forces.
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
- Oxidation: Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or ketones, depending on the type of alcohol and the oxidizing agent.
- Esterification: Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.
- Dehydration: Alcohols can undergo dehydration to form alkenes.
Ethers
- Structure: An ether is a compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.
- Physical Properties: Ethers are relatively unreactive and have low boiling points, due to the lack of hydrogen bonding.
- Synthesis: Ethers can be synthesized through the Williamson ether synthesis, which involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide.
Chemical Reactions of Ethers
- Cleavage: Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HI or HBr, to form alkyl halides.
- Oxidation: Ethers can be oxidized to form peroxides or hydroperoxides.
Classification of Alcohols
- Primary (1°) alcohols have a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a primary carbon atom (bonded to only one other carbon atom).
- Secondary (2°) alcohols have a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a secondary carbon atom (bonded to two other carbon atoms).
- Tertiary (3°) alcohols have a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a tertiary carbon atom (bonded to three other carbon atoms).
Physical Properties of Alcohols
- Boiling points of alcohols increase as the number of carbon atoms increases, due to increased intermolecular forces.
- Lower molecular weight alcohols are soluble in water, while higher molecular weight alcohols are less soluble.
- Viscosity of alcohols increases as the number of carbon atoms increases, due to increased intermolecular forces.
Chemical Reactions of Alcohols
- Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or ketones, depending on the type of alcohol and the oxidizing agent.
- Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters through esterification.
- Alcohols can undergo dehydration to form alkenes.
Ethers
- Ethers have a structure that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.
- Ethers are relatively unreactive and have low boiling points, due to the lack of hydrogen bonding.
- Ethers can be synthesized through the Williamson ether synthesis, which involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide.
Chemical Reactions of Ethers
- Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HI or HBr, to form alkyl halides.
- Ethers can be oxidized to form peroxides or hydroperoxides.
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Description
Identify and understand the different types of alcohols, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, based on their molecular structure.
