Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates

Classification of Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are classified based on their structural complexity.
• Simple carbohydrates consist of one or two sugar units and are quickly digested.
  • Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are the simplest.
  • Disaccharides like sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose) are composed of two monosaccharides.
• Complex carbohydrates are formed by long chains of sugar molecules (polysaccharides).
  • Starch, glycogen, and fiber are examples of polysaccharides.

Functions of Carbohydrates

• Energy source: Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.
  • Glucose is the primary fuel for cells.
• Energy storage: Extra glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.
• Structural component: Carbohydrates like cellulose provide structural support in plants and some parts of the body.
• Dietary fiber: Some carbohydrates are indigestible and act as fiber, promoting gut health and aiding digestion.

Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

• Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch.
• Further breakdown occurs in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase and enzymes specific to disaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to various tissues.

Types of Carbohydrates:

• Sugars (simple carbohydrates)
  • Fructose in fruits, vegetables, and honey.
  • Lactose in dairy products.
  • Glucose in fruits, vegetables, and honey and as a primary source of energy.
• Starches (complex carbohydrates)
  • Found in grains, legumes, and tubers.
  • Provide sustained energy release.
• Fiber (complex carbohydrates)
  • Found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
  • Cannot be digested by the human body, passing through the digestive tract mostly intact.

Sources of Carbohydrates

• Grains (rice, wheat, bread, pasta)
• Fruits (apples, bananas, oranges).
• Vegetables (potatoes, carrots, corn)
• Legumes (beans, lentils, peas).
• Dairy products (milk, yogurt)

Importance of Carbohydrates in the Diet

• Providing essential energy, supporting vital functions, and promoting digestive health.
• Dietary recommendations generally suggest a balanced intake of carbohydrates from various sources.

Health Concerns Associated with Carbohydrate Consumption

• Excessive consumption of simple sugars can lead to weight gain and related health issues.
• Refined carbohydrates can cause blood sugar fluctuations.

Recommendations for Carbohydrate Intake

• Emphasize whole grains, fruits, and vegetables over processed or refined options.
• A balanced approach is crucial to ensure adequate intake of nutrients while managing energy levels.
• Consult healthcare professionals for personalized dietary recommendations.