Classification and Biodiversity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is genetic engineering primarily concerned with?

Extracting genes from non-living organisms

Producing genetically identical organisms

Increasing the genetic diversity of a species

Manipulating genes in living organisms (correct)

Which process allows for the expression of a transferred gene in a recipient organism?

Gene synthesis

Transformation (correct)

Gene silencing

Genetic modification

What type of DNA is produced when genes from different organisms are combined?

Recombinant DNA (correct)

Mitochondrial DNA

Genomic DNA

Transgenic DNA

Why is human insulin produced in genetically modified bacteria rather than extracted from animals?

Bacteria grow more rapidly Signup and view all the answers

What component of mRNA is essential for synthesizing the insulin gene?

cDNA Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates prokaryotic genes from eukaryotic genes?

Prokaryotic genes do not contain introns Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of gene therapy?

It treats genetic disorders by inserting functional genes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of reverse transcriptase in genetic technology?

It converts mRNA to cDNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding sticky ends to DNA molecules?

To enable DNA to form hydrogen bonds with other DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for copying DNA during PCR?

DNA Taq polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of plasmids makes them suitable as vectors for gene transfer?

They can replicate autonomously within bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

To make multiple identical copies of a DNA sample Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA ligase play in the insertion of the insulin gene into the plasmid?

It joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA strands. Signup and view all the answers

What method is used to identify E. coli that have successfully taken up plasmids?

Addition of antibiotics to the culture Signup and view all the answers

Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR?

It is stable at high temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in cloning DNA using plasmids?

Incorporating spike proteins into the plasmid Signup and view all the answers

What role do restriction enzymes play in gel electrophoresis?

They cut DNA molecules at specific sequences Signup and view all the answers

Why were antibiotic resistance genes introduced alongside the insulin gene in plasmids?

To select for successfully modified bacteria Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of DNA fragments affect their movement during gel electrophoresis?

Larger fragments move more slowly than smaller fragments. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the fermentation process after bacteria have taken up the plasmids?

Bacteria reproduce to form large populations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of primers in the PCR process?

To provide a starting point for DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the proteome?

All the different proteins in an organism Signup and view all the answers

What happens to DNA when an electrical potential difference is applied during gel electrophoresis?

DNA fragments move towards the positive terminal. Signup and view all the answers

What causes the different speeds of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?

The size and mass of the DNA fragments Signup and view all the answers

How can knowing DNA sequences of different Plasmodium species be beneficial?

It allows scientists to develop drugs against them. Signup and view all the answers

Which DNA alteration methods are possible with CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

Deleting, inserting, or swapping DNA segments Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of insulin produced by genetically engineered E. coli?

It is identical to human insulin as per the genetic code. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is produced by GM organisms for treating haemophilia?

Factor VIII from GM hamster cells Signup and view all the answers

What role does AI play in the development of medical proteins?

AI enhances the accuracy of protein structure prediction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential future application of genetic databases in medicine?

Determining the best drug for individuals based on DNA profiles Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the proteome contribute to health and metabolism studies?

By directly linking genes and protein sequences to metabolic functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is true?

It is the same across all forms of life. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction do bacteria primarily undergo?

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Why is a promoter important in genetic engineering?

It influences where and when a gene is transcribed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of marker genes in genetic engineering?

To identify bacteria that have taken up a gene Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern associated with using antibiotic resistance genes as markers?

They may lead to harmful bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

What technology is associated with gene editing for correcting specific DNA sequences?

CRISPR-Cas9 technology Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing process?

The guide RNA is synthesized. Signup and view all the answers

Where do the genes coding for green fluorescent protein (GFP) originate from?

Fluorescent jellyfish Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of GFP indicate in genetically modified bacteria?

The desired gene has likely been successfully incorporated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the limited supply of insulin from animal sources?

Only small quantities can be obtained from the pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method of genetic screening?

Identifying carriers of harmful recessive alleles. Signup and view all the answers

What does preimplantation genetic diagnosis involve?

Analyzing embryos before implantation in the uterus. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical dilemma might arise from genetic screening in pregnant women?

Deciding on abortion if a genetic condition is detected. Signup and view all the answers

How can genetic screening benefit individuals with a family history of Huntington's disease?

It identifies those who have the gene before deciding to have children. Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible outcome for someone who has the BRCA1 or BRCA2 alleles?

Increased risk of developing breast cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What role does a genetic counselor play in genetic screening?

Helping individuals interpret screening results and make decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common concern regarding harvesting insulin from animals?

Many cultures oppose using insulin from deceased animals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation

Biologists classify organisms based on their evolutionary relationships.
The smallest classification group is the species.
Defining species can be complex. Multiple species concepts exist.
The biological species concept defines species based on interbreeding and fertile offspring.
The biological species concept may not apply to asexual organisms or extinct species.
The morphological species concept classifies organisms by shared physical characteristics.
This can be problematic because similar-looking organisms may not be able to interbreed.
The ecological species concept classifies organisms based on their ecological niches.
Organisms in the same niche share similar ecological roles and resources.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the variety of ecosystems, habitats, species, and genotypes in an area.
An ecosystem includes all the living and non-living components in a defined area.
Each species within an ecosystem plays a role, known as a niche.
Niches are defined by factors like nutrition, food web position, and interaction with the environment.
Biodiversity measurements can focus on ecosystems, species, and genetic variation.
Species richness is the number of different species, reflecting biodiversity.
Sampling techniques, like quadrats and transects, can assess biodiversity.
Frame quadrats sample organisms within defined area samples

Extinction

Species extinction is a natural process.
Mass extinctions are events that involve the loss of many species.
Factors that contribute to extinctions include climate change, competition, and habitat degradation.

Conservation

Conservation aims to maintain or increase biodiversity in a given area.
Extinction is a threat impacting biodiversity.
Reasons for maintaining biodiversity include ecosystem stability and human dependency on species.

Endangered Species

Species are endangered when their numbers have fallen to levels threatening their long-term survival.
Factors like hunting and habitat loss are among the main causes of endangered species.
Conservation efforts, like national parks, captive breeding programs and assisted reproduction, are used to maintain or enhance endangered species populations.

Gene Technology

Genetic engineering manipulates genes within organisms.
Genes can be transferred between species.
Gene technology allows the production of recombinant DNA.
Recombinant DNA is used to create organisms producing desired traits or proteins. Examples include insulin production, or solving genetic diseases.
Techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Gel Electrophoresis are important aspects of the process.
Gene editing is an advanced technique enabling precise alterations to DNA sequences.
Ethical concerns arise from gene technology's application, including potential impacts on ecosystems and organisms.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the classification of organisms and the concepts of biodiversity. This quiz explores various species concepts, including biological, morphological, and ecological classifications. Understand the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems and its impact on conservation efforts.