Diversity Unit Review: Species Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What must be present for natural selection to occur?

  • Variation, competition, adaptations, and selections (correct)
  • Sufficient resources for all organisms
  • A fixed environment with no changes
  • Uniform traits across a population

    • Which concept did Lamarck contribute to the understanding of evolution?

  • Descent with modification
  • Natural selection as a key process
  • Survival of the fittest
  • Inheritance of acquired characteristics (correct)

    • What does Darwin's theory of descent with modification suggest?

  • All species continuously improve over time
  • Species survive local conditions without progressive improvement (correct)
  • Natural selection leads to progress in species
  • Traits are fixed and do not vary in species

    • What observation did Darwin make about organisms in different regions?

    <p>They were structurally different yet similar regionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best represents the concept of artificial selection?

    <p>It involves selective pressure exerted by humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did finches play in Darwin's studies?

    <p>They demonstrated how species survive local conditions through variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Darwin, what happens to individuals who are better suited to their local conditions?

    <p>They survive and produce more offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about natural selection?

    <p>It results in a perfect adaptation of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a dihybrid cross?

    <p>A genetic cross involving two traits from different genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autosomal dominant inheritance, what can be inferred if one of the offspring is affected?

    <p>At least one parent must also be affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes incomplete dominance?

    <p>Intermediate expression of a trait occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type has both A and B glycoproteins on red blood cells?

    <p>Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes codominance from other patterns of inheritance?

    <p>Both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of inheritance allows for a child to be affected while both parents are unaffected?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant observation did Darwin make about Galapagos species compared to South American mainland species?

    <p>They exhibited slight variations suggesting a common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, how many traits are being compared?

    <p>One trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of transitional fossils?

    <p>They provide evidence of evolutionary relationships between different organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To analyze the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do homologous structures differ from analogous structures?

    <p>Homologous structures have similar structural elements and origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biogeography study primarily focus on?

    <p>The distribution of species populations over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes stabilizing selection?

    <p>It maintains the average phenotype by favoring common traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides evidence for common ancestry through DNA analysis?

    <p>Similar DNA patterns and sequences between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vestigial structures play in understanding evolution?

    <p>They indicate features that were once functional in ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does embryology reveal about animal evolution?

    <p>It can determine the evolutionary relationships between animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, air moves into the lungs due to the difference in what?

    <p>Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for trapping dust and bacteria in the air?

    <p>Mucus in the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in lung volume have on air pressure according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>Air pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes asthma in the lungs?

    <p>Chronic inflammation and mucus overproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the epiglottis during the respiratory process?

    <p>Cover the larynx to prevent food from entering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia in the trachea?

    <p>To trap pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles in asthma?

    <p>Inhaled irritants like pollen and dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes chronic bronchitis?

    <p>It is considered a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do capillaries play in the circulatory system?

    <p>They are the site for gas and nutrient transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of circulation involves the movement of blood from the heart to the body?

    <p>Systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is arteriosclerosis primarily characterized by?

    <p>Thickening of artery walls and loss of elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily caused by smoking and can result in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

    <p>To return blood toward the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes a cough associated with bronchitis?

    <p>A cough that may produce yellow or green mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an adaptation in the context of survival?

    <p>A structure, behaviour, or physiological process aiding survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Batesian mimicry from Müllerian mimicry?

    <p>Batesian mimicry includes harmless species mimicking harmful ones, Müllerian involves both harmful species sharing warning signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the coloration of the English peppered moth serve as an example of adaptation during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Dark-colored moths had a survival advantage due to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major effect of the Clean-Air Legislation in the 1950s on the English peppered moth population?

    <p>Flecked moths regained a survival advantage due to the return of light-colored lichen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mutations and mutagens?

    <p>Mutations are permanent genetic changes, while mutagens are external agents causing mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best explains the outcome of variation among individuals in a species?

    <p>Variation arises from different alleles passed from parents to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of adaptation in relation to evolution?

    <p>Adaptations enable species to survive and reproduce in varying environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the importance of variation in evolution is accurate?

    <p>Variation in a species allows for survival and adaptation to environmental changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diversity Unit Review

    • Binomial Nomenclature: The scientific name of a species, written in italics, with the genus name capitalized and the species name lowercase
    • Morphological Species Concept: Defines species based on physical characteristics (e.g., body shape, size, features)
    • Biological Species Concept: Defines species based on whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring
    • Phylogenetic Species Concept: Defines species by their evolutionary history (phylogeny)
    • Advantages of Morphological Species Concept: Simple, widely used, especially in plants.
    • Disadvantages of Morphological Species Concept: Difficult to define acceptable variations in diverse populations, can't be applied to asexual or fossil species.
    • Advantages of Biological Species Concept: Widely used and understood by scientists.
    • Disadvantages of Biological Species Concept: Difficult to apply to geographically isolated populations, asexual organisms, or fossil species.
    • Advantages of Phylogenetic Species Concept: Applies to extinct species, utilizes DNA analysis, aids in identifying new species.
    • Disadvantages of Phylogenetic Species Concept: Evolutionary histories are not known for all species.
    • Taxonomic Categories: Hierarchical classification system; Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
    • Dichotomous Key: A tool used to identify unknown organisms by posing a series of yes or no questions.

    Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes: Smaller (1-10 μm), circular DNA not bound by a membrane, single chromosome, asexual reproduction, unicellular, lack membrane-bound organelles, and many are anaerobic.
    • Eukaryotes: Larger (100-1000 μm), DNA in a nucleus bounded by a membrane, several chromosomes, sexual and asexual reproduction, common multicellularity, possess membrane-bound organelles, and most are aerobic.

    Virus Replication

    • Lytic Cycle: Viruses quickly attach, enter, replicate, assemble, release, and kill the host cell in the process.
    • Lysogenic Cycle: Viruses enter and attach their DNA (provirus) to the host's chromosomes. It may lie dormant and later reactivate, causing the lytic cycle.

    Protists

    • Mesophiles: Organisms that live in moderate environments.
    • Extremophiles: Organisms that live in extreme environments.
    • Binary Fission: A type of asexual reproduction in which a cell grows, duplicates its DNA, then divides into two genetically identical cells.
    • Conjugation: A type of sexual reproduction where two cells link and exchange genetic material.

    Multicellular Diversity

    • Animals characteristics: Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, mobile (most), reproduce sexually, have an embryo stage.
    • Invertebrate: No backbone.
    • Vertebrate: Backbone.

    Cell Division and Reproduction

    • Mitosis: A type of cell division that produces two identical diploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell.
    • Meiosis: A type of cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid gametes (sex cells) from one diploid parent cell.

    Genetics

    • Karyotype: A photograph of an organism's chromosomes. It is used to determine if there are any abnormalities in the number of chromosomes.
    • Disorders: Downs (Trisomy 21), Edwards (Trisomy 18), Patau (Trisomy 13).
    • Genetic Crosses: Monohybrid (one trait difference), Dihybrid (two trait difference), incomplete dominance, codominance.

    Evolution

    • Adaptation: A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
    • Mimicry: A structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in coloration or structure. (Batesian/Müllerian)
    • Mutations: Permanent changes in genetic material that introduce new alleles.
    • Natural Selection: An evolutionary process whereby organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other organisms in the population. This causes a change in allele frequency.
    • Artificial Selection: When humans select desirable traits in organisms for breeding, leading to changes in the allele frequency.

    Evolution and Speciation

    • Factors that cause Evolutionary Changes: Mutation, Gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, and natural selection.
    • Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms: Prezygotic (prevent mating or formation of a zygote) and postzygotic (prevent the development of a viable, fertile offspring).

    Animal Diversity

    • Digestive system: Parts and their role in digestion (Mouth, Stomach, Small Intestine)
    • Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions, and are involved in digestion.
    • Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats): Broken down into smaller units, with specific digestive enzymes.
    • Respiration: Inhalation and exhalation, the mechanisms of breathing, and air pressure differences.
    • Gas Exchange in alveoli.

    Circulatory System

    • Heart structure: Parts of the heart (atria, ventricles, valves)
    • Blood vessels: Arteries, veins, capillaries Differences between systemic, pulmonary, cardiac circulation.
    • Disorders: Atherosclerosis/Arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure.
    • **Bypass surgery:**Surgical processes of replacing blocked arteries.

    Plant Diversity

    • Vascular vs. Meristematic Tissues: The roles and location.
    • Parts of a leaf: Cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll (palisade, spongy), veins.
    • Parts of the Flower: Stamen (male), pistil (female).
    • Monocots vs. Dicots: Differences in flower parts, seed leaves, veins.

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    SBI 3U Exam Review - Biology PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of various species concepts including Binomial Nomenclature, Morphological, Biological, and Phylogenetic Species Concepts. Explore the advantages and disadvantages associated with each concept and enhance your knowledge in the field of biodiversity.

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