Classical Theories of Intelligence

Classical Theories of Intelligence

Charles Spearman's Two-Factor Theory

• Introduced the concept of general intelligence (g) and specific abilities (s)
• g: a general factor that accounts for overall cognitive ability
• s: specific factors that account for individual differences in specific abilities

Louis Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities

• Proposed seven primary mental abilities:
  1. Verbal comprehension
  2. Verbal fluency
  3. Number facility
  4. Spatial visualization
  5. Perceptual speed
  6. Inductive reasoning
  7. Memory

Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory

• Proposed nine types of intelligence:
  1. Linguistic intelligence
  2. Logical-mathematical intelligence
  3. Spatial intelligence
  4. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
  5. Musical intelligence
  6. Interpersonal intelligence
  7. Intrapersonal intelligence
  8. Naturalistic intelligence
  9. Existential intelligence

Raymond Cattell's Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence

• Fluid intelligence (Gf): the ability to reason and solve novel problems
• Crystallized intelligence (Gc): the ability to use learned knowledge and experience

John Horn's Expanded Theory

• Expanded Cattell's theory by adding more factors:
  1. Visual-spatial ability
  2. Auditory ability
  3. Speed of processing
  4. Correct decision speed
  5. Short-term memory
  6. Long-term storage and retrieval

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)

• Three components of intelligence:
  1. Analytical intelligence: the ability to evaluate and analyze information
  2. Creative intelligence: the ability to generate new ideas
  3. Practical intelligence: the ability to apply knowledge in real-world situations