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Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of the chapter on criminological theories and the victim?
What is the main focus of the chapter on criminological theories and the victim?
Which of the following theories views victims as more passive and influenced by social actions?
Which of the following theories views victims as more passive and influenced by social actions?
What assumption does the Classical School of thought in criminology make about individuals committing crimes?
What assumption does the Classical School of thought in criminology make about individuals committing crimes?
What is one of the learning objectives of the chapter related to the nature of the victim?
What is one of the learning objectives of the chapter related to the nature of the victim?
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What do typologies of victims primarily serve to do?
What do typologies of victims primarily serve to do?
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Which aspect is NOT addressed by the learning objectives of the chapter?
Which aspect is NOT addressed by the learning objectives of the chapter?
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How does the text refer to the nature of the modern victim in the context of recent theories?
How does the text refer to the nature of the modern victim in the context of recent theories?
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What term is used to describe the relationship between victim and offender explored in the chapter?
What term is used to describe the relationship between victim and offender explored in the chapter?
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What is a key characteristic of rational choice theories in the context of crime?
What is a key characteristic of rational choice theories in the context of crime?
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What do innate features refer to in the context of crime and victimization?
What do innate features refer to in the context of crime and victimization?
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Which of the following factors are considered social features that influence victimization?
Which of the following factors are considered social features that influence victimization?
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What is the primary assumption of the Classical School of thought regarding individuals who commit crimes?
What is the primary assumption of the Classical School of thought regarding individuals who commit crimes?
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According to Cesare Beccaria, what is in the best interest of society?
According to Cesare Beccaria, what is in the best interest of society?
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According to Positivist theories, how do actors approach their experiences compared to the Classical School?
According to Positivist theories, how do actors approach their experiences compared to the Classical School?
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What risk is associated with applying rational choice theories in criminal justice?
What risk is associated with applying rational choice theories in criminal justice?
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What did Vince Sacco and Leslie Kennedy focus on in their research at Queen's University?
What did Vince Sacco and Leslie Kennedy focus on in their research at Queen's University?
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Which theory addresses the concerns regarding victimization that rational choice theories fail to consider?
Which theory addresses the concerns regarding victimization that rational choice theories fail to consider?
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What was a significant change in criminal punishment proposed by Beccaria?
What was a significant change in criminal punishment proposed by Beccaria?
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Which of the following factors is NOT considered an innate feature?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered an innate feature?
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What was a characteristic of punishment before Beccaria’s propositions?
What was a characteristic of punishment before Beccaria’s propositions?
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What does the labeling/social reaction theory focus on regarding individuals?
What does the labeling/social reaction theory focus on regarding individuals?
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What does the Positivist perspective claim about the factors shaping criminal behavior?
What does the Positivist perspective claim about the factors shaping criminal behavior?
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What aspect does rational choice theory primarily focus on in the context of crime?
What aspect does rational choice theory primarily focus on in the context of crime?
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Which perspective is likely to examine crime without adequate attention to societal factors?
Which perspective is likely to examine crime without adequate attention to societal factors?
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What does the deterrence theory suggest about victims?
What does the deterrence theory suggest about victims?
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In the rational choice perspective, the offender is viewed as what?
In the rational choice perspective, the offender is viewed as what?
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What is a misconception presented by deterrence theory regarding victimization?
What is a misconception presented by deterrence theory regarding victimization?
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How do potential victims evaluate their situation according to the content?
How do potential victims evaluate their situation according to the content?
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What aspect does rational choice theory use to explain crime?
What aspect does rational choice theory use to explain crime?
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Which of the following influences a victim’s decision-making process as per the content?
Which of the following influences a victim’s decision-making process as per the content?
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What do victims weigh during their consideration of engaging in risky behavior?
What do victims weigh during their consideration of engaging in risky behavior?
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Which situation is NOT typically considered by a potential victimizer when selecting a target?
Which situation is NOT typically considered by a potential victimizer when selecting a target?
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What does control theory suggest about offenders?
What does control theory suggest about offenders?
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What is a key characteristic of criminal activity according to the discussed theories?
What is a key characteristic of criminal activity according to the discussed theories?
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What impact do early childhood experiences have on self-control, according to the psychological theories of crime?
What impact do early childhood experiences have on self-control, according to the psychological theories of crime?
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How is the notion of victimization viewed in relation to control theory?
How is the notion of victimization viewed in relation to control theory?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive processes and criminal behavior according to the content?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive processes and criminal behavior according to the content?
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How might weak self-control be developed, based on the theories presented?
How might weak self-control be developed, based on the theories presented?
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Which statement best reflects how criminal offenders differ from non-offenders?
Which statement best reflects how criminal offenders differ from non-offenders?
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What implication does the psychological model have for understanding victimization?
What implication does the psychological model have for understanding victimization?
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Study Notes
Classical Criminology
- Cesare Beccaria (1764) posits that all individuals are self-interested and capable of committing crimes.
- Classical School of thought emphasizes the rational and active nature of individuals in their decision-making process.
- Beccaria advocates for proportional punishment based on the harm caused to deter crime, challenging the arbitrary and harsh methods of punishment practiced before his propositions.
- This perspective emphasizes social order by controlling those who engage in criminal activities.
Rational Choice Perspective
- This theory proposes that offenders make rational decisions based on potential gains and costs associated with committing crime. Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke (1986) from London School of Economics, heavily contribute to this perspective.
- Although popular within criminal justice and law enforcement, rational choice theories are considered conservative and should be used cautiously.
- Assigns responsibility to the victim for their actions during a criminal event, risking victim-blaming and overlooking the power dynamics between the victim and offender.
Positivist Theories
- These theories view individuals as more passive, their criminal tendencies being influenced by predispositions like malfunctioning neural processes, cognitive and behavioral responses.
- Stemming from the work of Cesare Lombroso (1899/1911), this school of thought emphasizes how factors like innate features, social features, and social environments contribute to criminal behavior
- Attributing criminal behavior to factors beyond individual control, these theories shift focus from solely blaming the victim while still recognizing their role in the overall experience.
Control Theory
- Focuses on the role of self-control in preventing criminal behavior, suggesting that those with low self-control are more likely to engage in crime due to lack of planning, short-term gains, and impulsiveness.
- This perspective stems from the work of Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi (1990).
- Explains victimization by incorporating the concept of low self-control as a factor contributing to vulnerability.
Psychological Theories of Crime
- Focus on the aftermath of victimization, examining the psychological and physical trauma endured by victims.
- This model highlights the impact of victimization on individuals and their reactions to such experiences.
Criminological event perspective
- Emphasizes understanding criminal events within broader social context.
- Developed to facilitate a more comprehensive analysis of criminal activity, considering various theoretical lenses to explain criminal behavior.
- This perspective recognizes the interconnectedness of various factors and their contributions to understanding criminal events.
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Description
Explore the foundations of Classical Criminology, focusing on Cesare Beccaria's principles and the Rational Choice Perspective proposed by Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke. Understand how these theories explain criminal behavior and decision-making processes. Delve into the implications for crime deterrence and societal order.
