Classical Conditioning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of response does an unconditioned stimulus produce?

  • Conditioned response
  • Involuntary response (correct)
  • Voluntary response
  • Neutral response

Which of the following best describes a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

  • A stimulus that automatically elicits a response
  • A stimulus that initially does not trigger a response (correct)
  • A stimuli that is always associated with fear
  • A previously conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiments, which element served as the unconditioned stimulus?

  • The tone sound
  • The conditioned stimulus
  • The food (correct)
  • The salivation response

What occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?

<p>It begins to elicit the unconditioned response (D)</p>
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How would a conditioned stimulus be defined after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response (C)</p>
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Which psychological school of thought has been largely influenced by classical conditioning?

<p>Behaviorism (C)</p>
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What is the term for an automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Unconditioned response (A)</p>
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What differentiates classical conditioning from other forms of learning?

<p>It establishes associations between stimuli (A)</p>
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In the Little Albert experiment, what eventually became the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings?

<p>The white rat (C)</p>
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What role does biological preparedness play in classical conditioning?

<p>It allows associations to form that enhance survival. (B)</p>
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How do conditioned taste aversions differ from typical conditioned responses?

<p>They can occur after a single pairing. (D)</p>
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What is a criticism of classical conditioning according to some psychologists?

<p>It represents a mechanical explanation for behavior. (C)</p>
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Which of the following accurately describes operant conditioning?

<p>It links voluntary actions to consequences. (A)</p>
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In what scenario might classical conditioning be effectively utilized in therapy?

<p>Reducing anxiety by pairing it with relaxation techniques. (C)</p>
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What was the original neutral stimulus for Little Albert before conditioning?

<p>A white rat (B)</p>
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How did the experiment with coyotes and sheep carcasses help ranchers?

<p>It caused coyotes to develop an aversion to the scent of sheep. (C)</p>
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Which type of memory is associated with the automatic nature of classical conditioning?

<p>Implicit memory (C)</p>
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Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response?

<p>Feeling nauseous after tasting a specific food. (B)</p>
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What did John Watson's experiment illustrate about fear responses?

<p>They can develop through repeated stimulus pairing. (A)</p>
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Which of the following can be an application of classical conditioning in marketing?

<p>Forming favorable attitudes toward products or brands. (A)</p>
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What is one of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning relies on involuntary behaviors and associations. (A)</p>
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In classical conditioning, which component is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response?

<p>Conditioned stimulus (D)</p>
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What is the role of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning?

<p>It produces a response that occurs naturally and automatically. (A)</p>
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In classical conditioning, what does the term 'acquisition' refer to?

<p>The initial phase where a response is first established. (C)</p>
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What is the conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?

<p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. (C)</p>
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Which concept describes the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction?

<p>Spontaneous recovery (B)</p>
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What happens during the extinction phase of classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned response decreases or disappears when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS. (D)</p>
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Which statement best describes stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>Responding the same way to similar stimuli. (B)</p>
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What is the significance of a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

<p>It only functions as a conditioned stimulus after pairing with the UCS. (A)</p>
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In the context of classical conditioning, what does 'discrimination' refer to?

<p>The capability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other non-paired stimuli. (C)</p>
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Which of the following is an example of a naturally occurring stimulus?

<p>Feeling hungry when smelling food. (C)</p>
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What is a primary characteristic of the during conditioning phase in classical conditioning?

<p>The neutral stimulus is paired with the UCS multiple times. (A)</p>
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Which of the following statements about conditioned responses is true?

<p>They occur automatically in response to a conditioned stimulus. (A)</p>
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What is an example of extinction in the context of classical conditioning?

<p>The response of hunger disappearing after the food smell isn't paired with a whistle. (B)</p>
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In the context of the Little Albert experiment, what did stimulus generalization illustrate?

<p>Fear conditioned from a rat extending to other furry objects. (D)</p>
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How does reinforcement relate to the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

<p>It strengthens the responses during the acquisition process. (D)</p>
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Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A type of automatic learning where a neutral stimulus is associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, eventually triggering a learned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus; a naturally occurring reaction.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially does not trigger a response.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A stimulus that was once neutral but has now come to trigger a response because of its association with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (now the conditioned stimulus).

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Classical Conditioning

Learning through association; associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring stimulus to evoke a learned response.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Naturally occurring stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus; a natural reaction.

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that does not initially trigger a response.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A stimulus that was once neutral but now triggers a response because it was associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (now the conditioned stimulus).

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Little Albert Experiment

Classic example illustrating how fear responses can be classically conditioned.

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Conditioned Taste Aversion

A strong dislike for a particular taste associated with nausea.

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Biological Preparedness

The idea that some associations are easier to learn due to evolution's impact.

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Implicit Memory

Memory that can be recalled effortlessly, without thought.

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Behavioral Therapies

Techniques using classical conditioning to alter negative behaviors.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus).

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes able to trigger a learned response (conditioned response).

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A naturally occurring stimulus that automatically triggers a response without any learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs naturally and does not require learning.

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Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a neutral stimulus that is paired with a meaningful stimulus (UCS) to produce a new learned response (CR).

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Acquisition

The initial stage of learning in classical conditioning; when a response to a conditioned stimulus is first established and strengthened.

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Extinction

The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or no exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

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Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been learned.

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Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli that have not been paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

  • Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a type of unconscious/automatic learning
  • Creates a conditioned response through associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
  • Involves placing a neutral stimulus before a naturally occurring reflex
  • Pavlov's dog experiments: neutral signal (tone), naturally occurring reflex (salivating to food)
  • Sound of tone alone becomes conditioned stimulus; salivation becomes conditioned response
  • Influenced behaviorism, assuming all learning is through environment interaction
  • Behavior is shaped by environment

Key Terms

  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Stimulus that leads to an automatic response (e.g., cold breeze causing shivering)
  • Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that doesn't initially trigger a response (e.g., sound of a fan)
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Once neutral, now triggers a response (e.g., a dog, after being bitten)
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR): Automatic response to a UCS (e.g., mouth watering to favorite food smell)
  • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to a CS (e.g., fear of dogs after being bitten)

Classical Conditioning Phases

  • Before Conditioning: UCS paired with UCR; NS introduced
  • During Conditioning: Repeated pairing of NS and UCS; associations formed; NS becomes CS
  • After Conditioning: CS alone triggers CR

Key Principles

  • Acquisition: Initial learning of response, neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with UCS.
  • Extinction: Conditioned response weakens/disappears when CS isn't paired with UCS
  • Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of a learned response after extinction/rest period
  • Stimulus Generalization: Similar stimuli evoke similar responses (e.g., fear of other white things after fear conditioning to rat)
  • Stimulus Discrimination: Ability to differentiate between CS and other stimuli
  • Applications and limitations of classic conditioning

Examples

  • Phobias: Single pairing of neutral stimulus (dog) and frightening experience (bite) can create phobia.
  • Conditioned Taste Aversions: Association between a taste (CS) and sickness (UCS) can create aversion. Rapid development potentially aids survival (biological preparedness)
  • Real World Conditioning: Sheep and coyotes; marketing/advertising.

Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning

  • Operant Conditioning: Voluntary actions associated with consequences (rewards/punishments)
  • Classical Conditioning: Focuses on involuntary behaviors, associations to evoke responses

Criticisms of Classical Conditioning

  • Some psychologists consider explanations too simple/mechanical
  • People don't react exactly like Pavlov's dogs.

Applications of Classical Conditioning

  • Dog training
  • Treating phobias/anxiety
  • Creating positive classroom environments

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