Classical Conditioning Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process that describes a learned ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli?

  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Generalization
  • Higher-Order Conditioning
  • Discrimination (correct)

    • Which reinforcement schedule provides a reward after an unpredictable number of responses?

  • Fixed Ratio Schedule
  • Variable Interval Schedule
  • Variable Ratio Schedule (correct)
  • Fixed Interval Schedule

    • In operant conditioning, what term describes the presentation of an unfavorable outcome to decrease unwanted behavior?

  • Positive Punishment (correct)
  • Continuous Reinforcement
  • Negative Punishment
  • Negative Reinforcement

    • What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished response re-emerges after a period of time?

    <p>Spontaneous Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement involves providing a reward after every occurrence of a desired behavior?

    <p>Continuous Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the development of a second conditioned stimulus through pairing with a first conditioned stimulus?

    <p>Higher-Order Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the tendency for stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce similar responses?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which individuals learn behaviors by observing and imitating others?

    <p>Modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reinforcement schedule rewards behavior after a consistent temporal length?

    <p>Fixed Interval Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it called when an individual associates a specific food with a negative reaction, such as nausea?

    <p>Taste Aversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a stimulus that automatically triggers a response?

    <p>Unconditioned Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is automatically generated by exposure to an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Unconditioned Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what happens during the acquisition phase?

    <p>A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response gradually diminishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'neutral stimulus' refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus that does not elicit any response before conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the extinction phase after conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned response diminishes over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description is accurate regarding Pavlov’s dogs and the bell?

    <p>The bell becomes a conditioned stimulus after association with meat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response?

    <p>Spontaneous Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the difference between conditioned response and unconditioned response?

    <p>Conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

    <p>To encourage a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best characterizes higher-order conditioning?

    <p>Pairing a conditioned stimulus with another neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which partial reinforcement schedule is exemplified by receiving a reward after a non-fixed number of responses?

    <p>Variable Ratio Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates the phenomenon of taste aversion?

    <p>A child refusing to eat broccoli after getting sick from it once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines observational learning?

    <p>Acquiring skills by observing and imitating others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conditioning type involves a response elicited by similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the concept of positive punishment?

    <p>Presenting an unpleasant consequence after an undesirable action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a cognitive map function in learning?

    <p>As a mental representation of spatial layout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between continuous and partial reinforcement?

    <p>Continuous reinforcement occurs every time a behavior is performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates the concept of discrimination in conditioning?

    <p>A dog only salivating to a specific tone and ignoring similar tones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

    <p>A neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly alongside an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what does the term 'extinction' refer to?

    <p>When a conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a conditioned stimulus?

    <p>A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a conditioned response when it goes through the process of extinction?

    <p>It weakens and may eventually disappear when the unconditioned stimulus is not presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

    <p>To be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly characterizes the unconditioned response?

    <p>It is an automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a conditioned response from an unconditioned response?

    <p>Conditioned responses are learned associations, while unconditioned responses are innate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>The sudden return of a conditioned response after a period of rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates the concept of an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>A strong electric shock eliciting a reflexive jump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would most likely lead to a conditioned response in the context of classical conditioning?

    <p>Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

    <p>Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reinforcement schedule is the reward provided after a consistent number of occurrences?

    <p>Fixed Ratio Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does higher-order conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

    <p>It pairs a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of continuous reinforcement on behavior?

    <p>It leads to rapid extinction once the reinforcement stops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning involves decreasing unwanted behaviors by presenting an unfavorable outcome?

    <p>Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would most likely illustrate generalization in classical conditioning?

    <p>A dog salivates to a different tone similar to the original tone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes observational learning?

    <p>Acquiring behaviors by watching others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is demonstrated when an individual becomes sick after eating a specific food and then avoids it?

    <p>Taste aversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of negative punishment?

    <p>Losing television privileges for bad behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and not respond to the non-conditioned ones?

    <p>Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>A stimulus that automatically triggers an unconditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the acquisition phase in classical conditioning, what occurs?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus begins to elicit a response through pairings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a conditioned response?

    <p>Salivating at the sound of a bell after conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a neutral stimulus play before conditioning occurs?

    <p>It does not elicit any response prior to pairing with the unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the bell in Pavlov's experiments?

    <p>It was a neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery?

    <p>Immediate re-instigation of behaviors after extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly distinguishes between unconditioned response and conditioned response?

    <p>Unconditioned responses occur without prior training, while conditioned responses are learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>Omission of the unconditioned stimulus after the conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best describes an unconditioned response?

    <p>Ducking when a loud noise is heard unexpectedly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

    <p>Positive reinforcement introduces a positive factor, while negative reinforcement removes a negative factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement schedule is exemplified by receiving a reward after a random amount of time?

    <p>Variable Interval Schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'conditioned response' refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of higher-order conditioning compared to classical conditioning?

    <p>It produces a conditioned response triggered by a new stimulus without direct pairing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of spontaneous recovery contribute to understanding conditioned responses?

    <p>It indicates that conditioned responses can re-emerge after a period without conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of classical conditioning does an organism learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Acquisition phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of operant conditioning, what is the main focus of the Law of Effect?

    <p>The correlation between behavior and its outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described by extinction in classical conditioning?

    <p>The weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus fails to follow the conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

    <p>A neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus if paired with an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does discrimination in conditioning enable an organism to do?

    <p>Differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and irrelevant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does taste aversion play in classical conditioning?

    <p>It leads to a learned association between food and negative feelings quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

    <p>It refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates the principles of continuous reinforcement?

    <p>A student receives praise every time they complete their homework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes an unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>It automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the concept of positive punishment?

    <p>Being reprimanded for talking during class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of extinction affect a conditioned response over time?

    <p>It leads to a gradual decrease in the conditioned response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the conditioned stimulus play in classical conditioning?

    <p>It becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the concept of a conditioned stimulus in the context of Pavlov's experiment?

    <p>The bell that is rung before presenting the meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical Conditioning

    • A type of unconscious, automatic learning
    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that automatically triggers a response. Examples include loud noises and objects flying at you.
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): The automatic response triggered by the US. Examples are jumping at a loud noise or ducking from a flying object.
    • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): An originally neutral stimulus that now triggers an automatic response. It is associated with the US through repeated pairings. Example: A bell sound paired with meat will eventually become a CS when triggering salivation.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): A learned, automatic response to the CS. Generally the same as the UR. Example: Just the sound of the bell will cause the dog's mouth to water.
    • Acquisition: The initial stage of learning where the NS is linked with the US.
    • Extinction: The weakening of the conditioned response if the US no longer follows the CS. The bell will no longer trigger salivation if it is rung repeatedly without meat.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance, after a rest period, of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A previously extinguished response may return when the bell is rung again after a period without pairing it with meat.
    • Generalization: The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. The dog may salivate to similar bell tones.
    • Discrimination: The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that are not associated with the US. The dog learns to respond only to a specific bell tone.
    • Higher-Order Conditioning: A procedure where a new neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus, creating a second (usually weaker) conditioned stimulus. A light paired with the bell may also eventually trigger salivation.
    • Taste Aversion: A learned dislike for a particular food after becoming ill after eating it. Our biology has evolved to allow for rapid learning of taste aversions to help avoid toxic foods.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Learning through the consequences of behaviors.
    • Behaviors followed by good outcomes are repeated more frequently. Behaviors followed by punishments are less likely to be repeated.
    • Law of Effect: A principle stating that behaviors followed by reward are strengthened and those followed by punishment are weakened.
    • Positive Reinforcement: A desirable stimulus is added following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of the behavior repeating. Example: A child gets a lollipop for doing their chores, so they're more likely to do it again.
    • Negative Reinforcement: A negative stimulus is removed following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of the behavior repeating. Example: Fastening a seatbelt to stop a beeping sound, taking pain relievers to reduce pain.
    • Reinforcement Schedules: How often a behavior is rewarded.
      • Continuous Reinforcement: Desired response is rewarded every time, for example every task.
      • Partial Reinforcement: Reward is given only some of the time. Four main types:
        • Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reward given after a set number of responses.
        • Fixed Interval Schedule: Reward is given after a set amount of time.
        • Variable Ratio Schedule: Reward after a random number of responses.
        • Variable Interval Schedule: Reward after a random amount of time.
    • Punishment: A consequence intended to reduce the frequency of a behavior.
      • Positive Punishment: An undesirable stimulus is added after an unwanted behavior. Sprays water on a barking dog.
      • Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus after an unwanted behavior. Taking away a phone.
    • Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating others. Modeling is a key part of this.
    • Cognitive Map: A mental representation of the environment.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of classical conditioning concepts, including unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses. This quiz covers key terminology and processes such as acquisition and extinction. Enhance your knowledge of automatic learning behaviors and their implications in psychology.

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