Classical Conditioning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the process that describes a learned ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli?

  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Generalization
  • Higher-Order Conditioning
  • Discrimination (correct)

Which reinforcement schedule provides a reward after an unpredictable number of responses?

  • Fixed Ratio Schedule
  • Variable Interval Schedule
  • Variable Ratio Schedule (correct)
  • Fixed Interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, what term describes the presentation of an unfavorable outcome to decrease unwanted behavior?

  • Positive Punishment (correct)
  • Continuous Reinforcement
  • Negative Punishment
  • Negative Reinforcement

What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished response re-emerges after a period of time?

<p>Spontaneous Recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves providing a reward after every occurrence of a desired behavior?

<p>Continuous Reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the development of a second conditioned stimulus through pairing with a first conditioned stimulus?

<p>Higher-Order Conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the tendency for stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce similar responses?

<p>Generalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which individuals learn behaviors by observing and imitating others?

<p>Modeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule rewards behavior after a consistent temporal length?

<p>Fixed Interval Schedule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when an individual associates a specific food with a negative reaction, such as nausea?

<p>Taste Aversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a stimulus that automatically triggers a response?

<p>Unconditioned Stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response is automatically generated by exposure to an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Unconditioned Response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what happens during the acquisition phase?

<p>A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned response gradually diminishes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'neutral stimulus' refer to in classical conditioning?

<p>A stimulus that does not elicit any response before conditioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the extinction phase after conditioning?

<p>The conditioned response diminishes over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description is accurate regarding Pavlov’s dogs and the bell?

<p>The bell becomes a conditioned stimulus after association with meat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response?

<p>Spontaneous Recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the difference between conditioned response and unconditioned response?

<p>Conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

<p>To encourage a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes higher-order conditioning?

<p>Pairing a conditioned stimulus with another neutral stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which partial reinforcement schedule is exemplified by receiving a reward after a non-fixed number of responses?

<p>Variable Ratio Schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates the phenomenon of taste aversion?

<p>A child refusing to eat broccoli after getting sick from it once (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines observational learning?

<p>Acquiring skills by observing and imitating others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conditioning type involves a response elicited by similar stimuli to the original conditioned stimulus?

<p>Generalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the concept of positive punishment?

<p>Presenting an unpleasant consequence after an undesirable action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cognitive map function in learning?

<p>As a mental representation of spatial layout (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between continuous and partial reinforcement?

<p>Continuous reinforcement occurs every time a behavior is performed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of discrimination in conditioning?

<p>A dog only salivating to a specific tone and ignoring similar tones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

<p>A neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly alongside an unconditioned stimulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does the term 'extinction' refer to?

<p>When a conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a conditioned stimulus?

<p>A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a conditioned response when it goes through the process of extinction?

<p>It weakens and may eventually disappear when the unconditioned stimulus is not presented. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

<p>To be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly characterizes the unconditioned response?

<p>It is an automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a conditioned response from an unconditioned response?

<p>Conditioned responses are learned associations, while unconditioned responses are innate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

<p>The sudden return of a conditioned response after a period of rest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the concept of an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>A strong electric shock eliciting a reflexive jump. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would most likely lead to a conditioned response in the context of classical conditioning?

<p>Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus repeatedly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

<p>Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which reinforcement schedule is the reward provided after a consistent number of occurrences?

<p>Fixed Ratio Schedule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does higher-order conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

<p>It pairs a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of continuous reinforcement on behavior?

<p>It leads to rapid extinction once the reinforcement stops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves decreasing unwanted behaviors by presenting an unfavorable outcome?

<p>Punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would most likely illustrate generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>A dog salivates to a different tone similar to the original tone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes observational learning?

<p>Acquiring behaviors by watching others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is demonstrated when an individual becomes sick after eating a specific food and then avoids it?

<p>Taste aversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of negative punishment?

<p>Losing television privileges for bad behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and not respond to the non-conditioned ones?

<p>Discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>A stimulus that automatically triggers an unconditioned response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the acquisition phase in classical conditioning, what occurs?

<p>The conditioned stimulus begins to elicit a response through pairings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a conditioned response?

<p>Salivating at the sound of a bell after conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a neutral stimulus play before conditioning occurs?

<p>It does not elicit any response prior to pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the bell in Pavlov's experiments?

<p>It was a neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery?

<p>Immediate re-instigation of behaviors after extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly distinguishes between unconditioned response and conditioned response?

<p>Unconditioned responses occur without prior training, while conditioned responses are learned (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>Omission of the unconditioned stimulus after the conditioned stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best describes an unconditioned response?

<p>Ducking when a loud noise is heard unexpectedly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

<p>Positive reinforcement introduces a positive factor, while negative reinforcement removes a negative factor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule is exemplified by receiving a reward after a random amount of time?

<p>Variable Interval Schedule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conditioned response' refer to in classical conditioning?

<p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of higher-order conditioning compared to classical conditioning?

<p>It produces a conditioned response triggered by a new stimulus without direct pairing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of spontaneous recovery contribute to understanding conditioned responses?

<p>It indicates that conditioned responses can re-emerge after a period without conditioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of classical conditioning does an organism learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>Acquisition phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what is the main focus of the Law of Effect?

<p>The correlation between behavior and its outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described by extinction in classical conditioning?

<p>The weakening of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus fails to follow the conditioned stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

<p>A neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus if paired with an unconditioned stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does discrimination in conditioning enable an organism to do?

<p>Differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and irrelevant stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does taste aversion play in classical conditioning?

<p>It leads to a learned association between food and negative feelings quickly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

<p>It refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the principles of continuous reinforcement?

<p>A student receives praise every time they complete their homework. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an unconditioned stimulus?

<p>It automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the concept of positive punishment?

<p>Being reprimanded for talking during class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of extinction affect a conditioned response over time?

<p>It leads to a gradual decrease in the conditioned response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the conditioned stimulus play in classical conditioning?

<p>It becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the concept of a conditioned stimulus in the context of Pavlov's experiment?

<p>The bell that is rung before presenting the meat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A type of unconscious, automatic learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

The automatic response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, now triggers a conditioned response.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that is now a conditioned stimulus.

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Acquisition

The initial stage of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired.

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Extinction (classical conditioning)

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

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Stimulus Generalization

Responding to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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Generalization

The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

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Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that are not associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Higher-Order Conditioning

A procedure in which a new neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through its association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

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Taste Aversion

A learned avoidance of a particular food after experiencing illness associated with it.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences associated with behaviors; behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.

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Positive Reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by presenting a desirable stimulus after the behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by removing a negative stimulus after the behavior.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others.

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Cognitive Map

A mental representation of one's environment.

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What is Classical Conditioning?

A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to trigger a conditioned response.

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Extinction

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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What is taste aversion?

A learned avoidance of a particular food after experiencing illness associated with it.

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Punishment

Decreasing the frequency of a behavior by introducing a consequence.

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The Law of Effect

Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior/response will occur

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Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

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Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcing the response only part of the time.

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Study Notes

Classical Conditioning

  • A type of unconscious, automatic learning
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that automatically triggers a response. Examples include loud noises and objects flying at you.
  • Unconditioned Response (UR): The automatic response triggered by the US. Examples are jumping at a loud noise or ducking from a flying object.
  • Neutral Stimulus (NS): A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): An originally neutral stimulus that now triggers an automatic response. It is associated with the US through repeated pairings. Example: A bell sound paired with meat will eventually become a CS when triggering salivation.
  • Conditioned Response (CR): A learned, automatic response to the CS. Generally the same as the UR. Example: Just the sound of the bell will cause the dog's mouth to water.
  • Acquisition: The initial stage of learning where the NS is linked with the US.
  • Extinction: The weakening of the conditioned response if the US no longer follows the CS. The bell will no longer trigger salivation if it is rung repeatedly without meat.
  • Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance, after a rest period, of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A previously extinguished response may return when the bell is rung again after a period without pairing it with meat.
  • Generalization: The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. The dog may salivate to similar bell tones.
  • Discrimination: The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that are not associated with the US. The dog learns to respond only to a specific bell tone.
  • Higher-Order Conditioning: A procedure where a new neutral stimulus is paired with an existing conditioned stimulus, creating a second (usually weaker) conditioned stimulus. A light paired with the bell may also eventually trigger salivation.
  • Taste Aversion: A learned dislike for a particular food after becoming ill after eating it. Our biology has evolved to allow for rapid learning of taste aversions to help avoid toxic foods.

Operant Conditioning

  • Learning through the consequences of behaviors.
  • Behaviors followed by good outcomes are repeated more frequently. Behaviors followed by punishments are less likely to be repeated.
  • Law of Effect: A principle stating that behaviors followed by reward are strengthened and those followed by punishment are weakened.
  • Positive Reinforcement: A desirable stimulus is added following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of the behavior repeating. Example: A child gets a lollipop for doing their chores, so they're more likely to do it again.
  • Negative Reinforcement: A negative stimulus is removed following a behavior, increasing the likelihood of the behavior repeating. Example: Fastening a seatbelt to stop a beeping sound, taking pain relievers to reduce pain.
  • Reinforcement Schedules: How often a behavior is rewarded.
    • Continuous Reinforcement: Desired response is rewarded every time, for example every task.
    • Partial Reinforcement: Reward is given only some of the time. Four main types:
      • Fixed Ratio Schedule: Reward given after a set number of responses.
      • Fixed Interval Schedule: Reward is given after a set amount of time.
      • Variable Ratio Schedule: Reward after a random number of responses.
      • Variable Interval Schedule: Reward after a random amount of time.
  • Punishment: A consequence intended to reduce the frequency of a behavior.
    • Positive Punishment: An undesirable stimulus is added after an unwanted behavior. Sprays water on a barking dog.
    • Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus after an unwanted behavior. Taking away a phone.
  • Observational Learning: Learning by observing and imitating others. Modeling is a key part of this.
  • Cognitive Map: A mental representation of the environment.

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