Questions and Answers
Who is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology?
Pavlov
In Pavlov's study, the UCS was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and, finally, the CS was _____.
meat; the bell; the bell
Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert' study?
Unconditioned stimulus—noise
Which scenario exemplifies extinction?
Signup and view all the answers
In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?
Signup and view all the answers
Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Which scenario best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?
Signup and view all the answers
_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the fear of firecrackers and cars backfiring reflect in Janine's case?
Signup and view all the answers
In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What can we expect Kenny to do after getting sick from hot dogs?
Signup and view all the answers
In classical conditioning situations, the ____________ connection is innate, while the ____________ connection is learned.
Signup and view all the answers
Which response is elicited by the stimuli in Pavlov's dog experiment?
Signup and view all the answers
What represents the conditioned stimulus when Natalie approaches the chalkboard?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of the placebo effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What phenomenon is Jennifer demonstrating when she cries out around flying insects?
Signup and view all the answers
What training technique should Boris use to teach his goldfish more effectively?
Signup and view all the answers
Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?
Signup and view all the answers
In a TV ad, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. What is correct about its effectiveness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sequence correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Classical Conditioning Foundations
- Pavlov is a key figure in classical conditioning psychology.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's study was meat, the neutral stimulus was the bell, and the conditioned stimulus (CS) became the bell.
Little Albert Experiment
- The experiment identified "noise" as the unconditioned stimulus, leading to fear responses in a child.
- Watson and Rayner's study highlighted how fear can be conditioned.
Extinction and Recovery
- Extinction occurs when a conditioned response (CR) fades after the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
- Spontaneous recovery is the re-emergence of a conditioned response after a period of absence, as seen in historical cases of addiction recovery.
Habituation vs. Extinction
- Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
- Extinction, on the other hand, is marked by the loss of conditioned responses when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the conditioned stimulus.
Generalization in Conditioning
- Generalization illustrates how similar stimuli can trigger the same response, evidenced by PTSD cases where individuals react fearfully to unrelated sounds.
- Example: Jennifer responds with fear to any flying insect after being stung by a bee.
Learned Taste Aversion
- Contrary to typical classical conditioning principles, learned taste aversion can form after just one pairing of a conditioned stimulus (food) and an unconditioned response (nausea).
Conditioning Connections
- The connection between UCS and unconditioned response (UCR) is innate, whereas the relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR) is learned.
Application and Techniques
- In conditioning training, sequence matters. For example, turning on the aquarium light before rewarding fish can improve learning.
- For effective marketing, the attractive model should appear after the product to build a positive association.
Phases of Classical Conditioning
- The classical conditioning process includes the following sequence: acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of classical conditioning with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as Pavlov's experiments, the Little Albert study, and the differences between habituation and extinction. Challenge yourself on the principles that shape behavior through conditioning.