Classical Conditioning Psychology

Questions and Answers

Who is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology?

Pavlov

In Pavlov's study, the UCS was ___; the neutral stimulus was _; and, finally, the CS was ___.

meat; the bell; the bell

Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's 'Little Albert' study?

Unconditioned stimulus—noise

Which scenario exemplifies extinction?

Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Nature is to nurture what _ is to _.

unconditioned response; conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?

Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive. Signup and view all the answers

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Habituation; extinction Signup and view all the answers

What does the fear of firecrackers and cars backfiring reflect in Janine's case?

generalization Signup and view all the answers

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing. Signup and view all the answers

What can we expect Kenny to do after getting sick from hot dogs?

He will be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends. Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning situations, the connection is innate, while the connection is learned.

UCS-UCR; CS-CR Signup and view all the answers

Which response is elicited by the stimuli in Pavlov's dog experiment?

CR Signup and view all the answers

What represents the conditioned stimulus when Natalie approaches the chalkboard?

Natalie approaching the board Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the placebo effect?

Manny feels better within minutes after taking aspirin. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is Jennifer demonstrating when she cries out around flying insects?

generalization Signup and view all the answers

What training technique should Boris use to teach his goldfish more effectively?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank. Signup and view all the answers

Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.

white rat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?

sneezing in response to pepper Signup and view all the answers

In a TV ad, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. What is correct about its effectiveness?

The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person. Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process?

Acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning Foundations

Pavlov is a key figure in classical conditioning psychology.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's study was meat, the neutral stimulus was the bell, and the conditioned stimulus (CS) became the bell.

Little Albert Experiment

The experiment identified "noise" as the unconditioned stimulus, leading to fear responses in a child.
Watson and Rayner's study highlighted how fear can be conditioned.

Extinction and Recovery

Extinction occurs when a conditioned response (CR) fades after the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
Spontaneous recovery is the re-emergence of a conditioned response after a period of absence, as seen in historical cases of addiction recovery.

Habituation vs. Extinction

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
Extinction, on the other hand, is marked by the loss of conditioned responses when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer associated with the conditioned stimulus.

Generalization in Conditioning

Generalization illustrates how similar stimuli can trigger the same response, evidenced by PTSD cases where individuals react fearfully to unrelated sounds.
Example: Jennifer responds with fear to any flying insect after being stung by a bee.

Learned Taste Aversion

Contrary to typical classical conditioning principles, learned taste aversion can form after just one pairing of a conditioned stimulus (food) and an unconditioned response (nausea).

Conditioning Connections

The connection between UCS and unconditioned response (UCR) is innate, whereas the relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR) is learned.

Application and Techniques

In conditioning training, sequence matters. For example, turning on the aquarium light before rewarding fish can improve learning.
For effective marketing, the attractive model should appear after the product to build a positive association.

Phases of Classical Conditioning

The classical conditioning process includes the following sequence: acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

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Description

Test your understanding of classical conditioning with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as Pavlov's experiments, the Little Albert study, and the differences between habituation and extinction. Challenge yourself on the principles that shape behavior through conditioning.