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Questions and Answers
A dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. After several trials, the bell is presented alone and the salivation response diminishes. Which classical conditioning concept does this demonstrate?
A dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. After several trials, the bell is presented alone and the salivation response diminishes. Which classical conditioning concept does this demonstrate?
- Extinction (correct)
- Spontaneous recovery
- Generalization
- Discrimination
A child is bitten by a dog and develops a fear of all dogs. Later, they learn to only fear aggressive dogs. What does learning to only fear aggressive dogs demonstrate?
A child is bitten by a dog and develops a fear of all dogs. Later, they learn to only fear aggressive dogs. What does learning to only fear aggressive dogs demonstrate?
- Generalization
- Extinction
- Spontaneous recovery
- Discrimination (correct)
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates generalization in classical conditioning?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates generalization in classical conditioning?
- A dog stops salivating to a bell after repeated presentation without food.
- After a break, a previously extinguished fear response suddenly reappears.
- A rat only presses a lever after a green light.
- A child who fears snakes also begins to fear lizards. (correct)
In classical conditioning, what is the most effective timing and sequence for stimulus presentation to establish a strong association?
In classical conditioning, what is the most effective timing and sequence for stimulus presentation to establish a strong association?
After successfully extinguishing a conditioned response, what might lead to the spontaneous recovery of the response?
After successfully extinguishing a conditioned response, what might lead to the spontaneous recovery of the response?
A researcher classically conditions a rat to freeze at the sound of a tone by pairing it with a shock. Which of the following would be considered the conditioned response (CR)?
A researcher classically conditions a rat to freeze at the sound of a tone by pairing it with a shock. Which of the following would be considered the conditioned response (CR)?
In higher-order conditioning, what role does a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) take on?
In higher-order conditioning, what role does a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) take on?
Which scenario exemplifies how classical conditioning principles are applied in therapeutic settings?
Which scenario exemplifies how classical conditioning principles are applied in therapeutic settings?
What is a key characteristic of taste aversion that distinguishes it from many other forms of classical conditioning?
What is a key characteristic of taste aversion that distinguishes it from many other forms of classical conditioning?
Which of the following describes how evolutionary preparedness influences classical conditioning?
Which of the following describes how evolutionary preparedness influences classical conditioning?
What is the primary function of habituation as a form of learning?
What is the primary function of habituation as a form of learning?
A person who initially experienced anxiety in a specific doctor's office now feels anxious when visiting any medical facility. What is this an example of?
A person who initially experienced anxiety in a specific doctor's office now feels anxious when visiting any medical facility. What is this an example of?
In classical conditioning, what is the effect of repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, what is the effect of repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus?
A child learns to associate a specific type of bell with lunchtime at school. Over time, the school starts using different bell sounds, and the child only anticipates lunch with the original bell. What learning process is illustrated here?
A child learns to associate a specific type of bell with lunchtime at school. Over time, the school starts using different bell sounds, and the child only anticipates lunch with the original bell. What learning process is illustrated here?
Which situation illustrates habituation?
Which situation illustrates habituation?
Flashcards
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Learning in which an individual forms an association between two stimuli, leading to a conditioned response.
Acquisition
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
Extinction
The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery
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Generalization
Generalization
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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Forward conditioning
Forward conditioning
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Discrimination
Discrimination
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Generalization
Generalization
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Higher-order conditioning
Higher-order conditioning
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Taste aversion
Taste aversion
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Preparedness
Preparedness
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Habituation
Habituation
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Habituation Process
Habituation Process
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Study Notes
- Classical conditioning involves forming associations between stimuli, leading to conditioned responses.
- Ivan Pavlov discovered this by training dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell paired with food.
Acquisition
- Neutral stimulus (like a bell) repeatedly pairs with an unconditioned stimulus (like food).
- This pairing elicits a conditioned response (like salivation).
Extinction
- Conditioned stimulus presented without the unconditioned stimulus leads to weakening of the conditioned response.
Spontaneous Recovery
- An extinguished response reappears after a period of rest.
Generalization
- Response learned for one stimulus applies to similar stimuli.
Discrimination
- Individual learns to distinguish between similar but different stimuli.
Role in Everyday Life
- Impacts emotional reactions, phobias, and advertising strategies.
- Explains behaviors like fear responses or food aversions.
Steps in Associative Learning
- Present the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and observe the unconditioned response (UCR).
- Introduce a neutral stimulus alongside the UCS.
- Develop the conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR).
Learning Principles
- Timing is important for successful conditioning.
- Associations get stronger with repetition.
- Extinction can happen if reinforcement stops.
Presentation Order
- Forward conditioning (CS precedes the UCS) is most effective.
Critical Timing Factors
- Optimal interval between CS and UCS
- Duration of stimulus exposure.
- Consistency of presentation pattern.
Extinction Process
- Gradual weakening of the CR.
- Persistence of responding before complete extinction.
- Potential for spontaneous recovery.
Recovery Patterns
- Spontaneous reappearance after rest periods.
- Rapid reacquisition when training resumes.
- Varying strength of recovered responses
Discrimination
- Individual learns to respond differently to similar stimuli, recognizing the differences between them.
- Recognition of specific stimuli occurs.
- Leads to appropriate response selection.
- Results in fine-tuned behavioral adaptation.
Generalization
- Response learned for one stimulus transfers to similar stimuli.
- Involves response to similar stimuli.
- Broader application of learned behaviors occurs.
- Adaptive flexibility is demonstrated
Higher-Order Conditioning
- A previously learned CS can act as a UCS.
- This builds complex learning patterns.
- Demonstrates layered associations influencing behavior over time.
Emotional Responses Conditioning
- It forms the foundation for many therapeutic approaches.
- Applications include treatments of anxiety disorders.
- Phobia intervention methods are also an application.
- Development of exposure therapies.
One-Trial Learning
- Taste aversion requires only one learning experience.
Key Characteristics
- Survival-related learning can happen fast.
- Some associations form quicker than others.
- Single experiences can create lasting behavioral changes.
Preparedness
- Evolution has shaped organisms to learn certain associations more readily.
- It is a survival mechanism that enhances learning of potentially dangerous situations.
- Quick acquisition of survival-relevant responses occurs.
- Resistance to extinction for adaptive behaviors.
- Enhanced sensitivity to specific stimulus combinations.
Habituation
- Gradual reduction in response to repeated stimuli.
- Involves noticing the stimulus.
- Involves figuring out if it's a threat.
- Paying less attention to non-threatening repetition.
Benefits
- Saving energy and resources occurs.
- Focus improves on new or important stimuli.
- Environmental information is processed Efficiently.
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