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Questions and Answers
What is stereotyping primarily based on?
Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism responds to new stimuli in the same way as the original stimulus.
False
What is the process of gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response called?
Extinction
In classical conditioning, learning is dependent on the _______________ of the conditioned stimulus preceding the unconditioned stimulus.
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What type of conditioning is controlled by stimuli that precede the response?
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Behaviour is strengthened or weakened depending on the stimuli preceding the response.
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Match the following types of conditioning with their descriptions:
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What is the term for a pleasant consequence or reward following behaviour?
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What is the primary mechanism of learning in classical conditioning?
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In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) always elicits a conditioned response (CR).
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What is the term for the process of learning through repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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The key variable in associative learning is the number of times the ___________ is paired with the UCS.
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What is the term for the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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Stimulus generalization is a principle of operant conditioning.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the requirement for effective classical conditioning in terms of the timing of the UCS and CS?
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Study Notes
Definition of Learning and Classical Conditioning
- Learning is a behavior or thought pattern that we acquire with experience
- Classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves associating stimuli with responses
Classical Conditioning: Key Terms
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) without previous conditioning
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that occurs without previous conditioning
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an UCS, now causes a conditioned response (CR)
- Conditioned Response (CR): a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that occurs because of previous repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: the phase when an organism is learning a response
- Stimulus Contiguity: the principle that stimuli must occur in the same time and space to be effective in classical conditioning
- Key Variable: the number of times the CS is paired with UCS, which increases the strength of association between CS and UCS
Additional Principles
- Stimulus Generalization: the phenomenon where stimuli are generalized when they are similar to originally conditioned stimuli
- Stimulus Discrimination: the phenomenon where an organism that learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli
- Extinction: the gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response
- Spontaneous Recovery: the reappearance of a previously gone conditioned response after non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Comparison with Operant Conditioning
- Contiguity: in classical conditioning, the more closely together in time two items occur, the more likely learning will occur
- Contingency: in classical conditioning, learning is dependent on CS preceding UCS, whereas in operant conditioning, learning is dependent on rewards/punishments following the behavior
- Classical Conditioning: controlled by stimuli that precede the response, referring to reflexive response
- Operant Conditioning: controlled by stimuli events that follow the behavior, referring to voluntary response
- Behavior is strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of behavior in operant conditioning
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Description
Learn about classical conditioning, a type of learning that involves associating stimuli with responses. Understand key terms such as unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response.
