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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT an application of classical conditioning?
What is one application of classical conditioning in understanding health-related behaviors?
Conditioning of the immune system
What is aversion therapy?
What did Ader & Cohen (1975) demonstrate about classical conditioning and the immune system?
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Phobias can develop without any trauma.
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Conditioned suppression paradigm involves a CS predicting a forthcoming _____.
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Which emotional reaction is associated with classical conditioning?
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What is evaluative conditioning?
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In classical conditioning, what does the CS stand for?
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An important factor in how people judge information according to the R-W model is:
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Study Notes
Applications of Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning helps in understanding normal behaviors, learned emotional responses, and contingency judgments.
- It aids in recognizing problem behaviors such as phobias, anxiety, and attentional issues in schizophrenia.
- Plays a role in health-related behaviors, including immune responses and taste aversions.
- Includes behavior modification techniques like aversion therapy, flooding, and systematic desensitization.
Development of 'Normal' Behaviours: Emotional Reactions
- Initially neutral stimuli can elicit various emotional reactions based on their pairing with positive or aversive events.
- Conditioned stimuli (CS) can include specific events, objects, or even general contexts like time of day.
Evaluative Conditioning
- Evaluative conditioning differs from classical conditioning, as argued by researchers like Martin & Levey.
- Backward conditioning can produce changes in evaluations, demonstrating that direction of stimulus pairing may not be critical.
- This form of conditioning is notably resistant to extinction.
Importance of Outcome Information
- The magnitude of an outcome influences judgment formation, highlighting the significance of prior experiences.
- The order of information presented affects perception and decision-making, particularly in early trials.
Understanding 'Problem' Behaviours: Phobias
- Phobias can arise without trauma, though the absence of recollection does not negate potential past experiences.
- Fears may develop through vicarious learning, combining classical conditioning with observational learning processes.
Predictive Stimuli and Anxiety
- Significant future events are marked by predictive stimuli, with absence indicating relaxation opportunities.
- In non-contingent scenarios, the general environment serves as a constant predictor of aversive events, increasing fear.
Health-Related Behaviours: Immune System
- Ader & Cohen’s experiment involved sweetened water as a CS, paired with cyclophosphamide (US) to suppress the immune system.
- Testing showed that only the experimental group, conditioned with sweetened water, exhibited reduced immune responses.
Behaviour Modification Techniques: Aversion Therapy
- Aversion therapy involves making stimuli linked to problematic behaviors aversive using techniques such as emetic drugs for alcohol dependency.
- Alcohol acts as a CS, while emetic drugs (US) induce vomiting (UR), reinforcing negative associations.
Evaluative Conditioning Process
- The assessment of neutral stimuli can shift significantly when presented alongside liked or disliked stimuli, influencing overall evaluations.
Human Contingency Judgements
- Studies focus on how people predict outcomes based on a range of possible results, demonstrating contingency learning.
Understanding 'Problem' Behaviours: Anxiety
- Anxiety manifests as less focused and more diffuse than fear, often assessed using conditioned suppression paradigms.
- The light (CS) predicts shock (US), creating a fear response, while random presentations separate the CS and US.
Schizophrenia and Attentional Problems
- Schizophrenia symptoms include delusions and disruptions in attention, often lacking normal phenomena like latent inhibition.
- Patients may become distracted by irrelevant stimuli, maintaining maladaptive attentional responses.
Health-Related Behaviours: Taste Aversions
- Chemotherapy often leads to enhanced taste aversions, with many patients developing aversions to foods associated with treatment experiences.
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Description
Explore the diverse applications of classical conditioning, including its role in understanding normal and problematic behaviors, health-related responses, and behavior modification techniques. This quiz highlights key concepts such as phobias, anxiety, taste aversions, and therapeutic methods like aversion therapy and systematic desensitization.
