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Questions and Answers
What did Ivan Pavlov discover during his studies on dogs?
What did Ivan Pavlov discover during his studies on dogs?
- Dogs salivate before food is in their mouth due to associated stimuli. (correct)
- Dogs prefer meat over vegetables.
- Dogs can be trained to perform tricks for food.
- Dogs only salivate when food is in their mouth.
Conditioning refers to the process of associating physical exercises with improved health.
Conditioning refers to the process of associating physical exercises with improved health.
False (B)
In classical conditioning, what is the role of a neutral stimulus (NS)?
In classical conditioning, what is the role of a neutral stimulus (NS)?
A stimulus that initially elicits no particular response.
In classical conditioning, a(n) ___________ stimulus is one that already elicits a certain response without additional learning.
In classical conditioning, a(n) ___________ stimulus is one that already elicits a certain response without additional learning.
Match the terms related to classical conditioning with their descriptions:
Match the terms related to classical conditioning with their descriptions:
Which of the following is the BEST example of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Which of the following is the BEST example of an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
An unconditioned response (UR) is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
An unconditioned response (UR) is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
Explain how a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning.
Explain how a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning.
The conditioned response (CR) is the response that is elicited by the ___________ stimulus.
The conditioned response (CR) is the response that is elicited by the ___________ stimulus.
Match the following elements of classical conditioning with their descriptions:
Match the following elements of classical conditioning with their descriptions:
Classical conditioning is a process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with what?
Classical conditioning is a process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with what?
Extinction in classical conditioning happens when the conditioned stimulus is consistently paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction in classical conditioning happens when the conditioned stimulus is consistently paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Describe what happens to a learned response during the process of extinction.
Describe what happens to a learned response during the process of extinction.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the ___________ stimulus.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the ___________ stimulus.
Match each term related to classical conditioning with its definition:
Match each term related to classical conditioning with its definition:
What is spontaneous recovery in the context of classical conditioning?
What is spontaneous recovery in the context of classical conditioning?
Spontaneous recovery always results in the full restoration of the original conditioned response strength.
Spontaneous recovery always results in the full restoration of the original conditioned response strength.
Explain why spontaneous recovery might occur after a behavior has been extinguished.
Explain why spontaneous recovery might occur after a behavior has been extinguished.
___________ is the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
___________ is the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to learning:
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to learning:
In higher order conditioning, what is used to condition a new neutral stimulus?
In higher order conditioning, what is used to condition a new neutral stimulus?
Higher order conditioning is as strong and reliable as the initial conditioning phase.
Higher order conditioning is as strong and reliable as the initial conditioning phase.
Describe the process of higher order conditioning.
Describe the process of higher order conditioning.
___________ is a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
___________ is a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
Match the terms related to higher order conditioning with their descriptions:
Match the terms related to higher order conditioning with their descriptions:
What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
Stimulus generalization means that an organism will respond exactly the same way to all stimuli.
Stimulus generalization means that an organism will respond exactly the same way to all stimuli.
Provide an example of stimulus generalization in everyday life.
Provide an example of stimulus generalization in everyday life.
___________ occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
___________ occurs when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
Match the terms related to stimulus control:
Match the terms related to stimulus control:
What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
Stimulus discrimination is the opposite of stimulus generalization.
Stimulus discrimination is the opposite of stimulus generalization.
Explain how stimulus discrimination is learned.
Explain how stimulus discrimination is learned.
___________ is the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.
___________ is the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.
Match the following concepts related to learning with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts related to learning with their descriptions:
According to behaviorism, what primarily determines behavior?
According to behaviorism, what primarily determines behavior?
Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of studying internal thoughts and feelings to understand behavior.
Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of studying internal thoughts and feelings to understand behavior.
How did John B. Watson contribute to the field of behaviorism?
How did John B. Watson contribute to the field of behaviorism?
___________ emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment and one's prior experience as determinants of behavior.
___________ emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment and one's prior experience as determinants of behavior.
Match the following concepts related to behaviorism with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts related to behaviorism with their descriptions:
What is counterconditioning?
What is counterconditioning?
Flashcards
Conditioning
Conditioning
Associations among environmental stimuli and one's behavior.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that initially elicits no specific response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Extinction
Extinction
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Spontaneous Recovery
Spontaneous Recovery
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Higher Order Conditioning
Higher Order Conditioning
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Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus Generalization
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Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus Discrimination
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Counter Conditioning
Counter Conditioning
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Phobia
Phobia
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Study Notes
- Behavior influenced by one's own behavior as well as the behavior of others.
The Birth of Studying Learning
- Ivan Pavlov discovered that the dog salivated before food as in its mouth
- This is a "conditional reflex"
- The dog associates environmental stimuli to food due to classical conditioning
Conditioning
- Conditioning involves associations among environmental stimuli and one's behavior
Classical Conditioning Elements
- Neutral Stimulus (NS) elicits no response, such as a dish or walking
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US) already elicits a certain response without additional learning, such as food or music stopping
- Unconditioned Response (UR) is a response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, such as salivating or attention
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is initially a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, such as the dish or walking to the music
- Conditioned Response (CR) is a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus following association with an unconditioned stimulus, and is essentially when the UR becomes CR
Classical Conditioning Process
- A previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicits a response and, in turn, acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response
Principles of Classical Conditioning: Extinction
- Extinction is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
- Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Principles of Classical Conditioning: Spontaneous Recovery
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
Principles of Classical Conditioning: Higher-Order Conditioning
- Higher-order conditioning is a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
Principles of Classical Conditioning: Stimulus Generalization
- After conditioning, stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning
- In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus that resembles the CS elicits the CR.
Principles of Classical Conditioning: Stimulus Discrimination
- Stimulus discrimination is the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli
- In classical conditioning, stimulus discrimination occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR.
Why Classical Conditioning Works
- Conditioned stimuli associate with the response
- Conditioned stimulus becomes a signal for the unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned stimuli needs to precede the unconditioned stimuli rather than follow it or occur simultaneously
Behaviorism
- John B. Watson founded behaviorism after recognizing the real-life implications of Pavlovian theory
- It emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment and one's prior experience as determinants of behavior.
Learning to Like
- Classical conditioning helps form preferences, emotional associations, and behaviors.
Learning to Fear
- It's easier to condition for fear
- A phobia is when fear of an object or situation becomes irrational and interferes with normal activities
"Albert Study"
- Watson's most controversial work
Counter Conditioning
- Counterconditioning is the process of changing the response to a stimulus
- It probably does not eliminate prior learning, but instead leads to new learning that supplants or overrides old learning
- Variation of things can reduce phobias
Aversion to Food
- Most people have as aversion to food that makes them sick
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