Class-maintaining and Class-changing Derivations

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Questions and Answers

Which prefix refers to hearing?

  • audi(o)- (correct)
  • cardi(o)-
  • astro-
  • physi(o)-

Which prefix means 'heart'?

  • cardi(o)- (correct)
  • hem(o)-
  • nephr(o)-
  • derm-

What does the prefix physio- refer to?

  • body (correct)
  • nerve
  • mind
  • heart

The prefix astro- is associated with which meaning?

<p>star (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix is used for terms related to 'blood'?

<p>hemo- (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a class-maintaining prefix?

<p>amoral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a class-changing suffix?

<p>-ness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a class-changing affix is added to a word?

<p>The grammatical class of the word changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a class-changing suffix?

<p>amoral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of affix is 'ex-president' an example of?

<p>Class-maintaining prefix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of suffixation in English?

<p>To attach an affix to the end of a word (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of suffix changes the grammatical class of the base word?

<p>Class-changing suffix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is both class-changing and class-maintaining depending on context?

<p>-ish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a part of the base word is dropped before adding a suffix?

<p>Truncation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a class-maintaining suffix?

<p>-ness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base of the word reliable?

<p>rely (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of suffix is '-able' in the word reliable?

<p>derivational suffix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the suffix '-ly' in the word helplessly?

<p>forming an adverb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base plus suffix combination in the word 'helpless'?

<p>help + less (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of suffix is '-less' in the word helpless?

<p>denominal suffix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In linguistics, what does the term morpholoy refer to?

<p>The study of the forms of words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of postmodification in the phrase 'the artist who created it'?

<p>who created it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of modification replaces the medial vowel in the root with a different vowel?

<p>Modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs is an example of final consonant modification?

<p>bend - bent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of affixation involves inserting an element in the middle of a word?

<p>Infixation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the modified word 'laughed' derived from its root word?

<p>Suffixation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The word 'went' as the past tense form of 'go' is an example of which phenomenon?

<p>Suppletion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair illustrates a medial vowel modification?

<p>fight - fought (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix refers to heat?

<p>thermo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix indicates doing the opposite of an action?

<p>dis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix refers to something false?

<p>pseudo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix would be used for terms related to animals?

<p>zoo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prefix suggests being excessively something?

<p>ultra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base of the word 'reliably'?

<p>rely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of suffix is '-able' in 'reliable'?

<p>derivational suffix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the suffix '-ly' in 'helplessly'?

<p>de-adjectival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which word can 'helpless' be further divided into?

<p>help-less (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base of the word 'helpless'?

<p>help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base of the word 'ownership'?

<p>Owner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix in the word 'economical' is a class-changing suffix?

<p>-al (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the root of the word 'economically'?

<p>Economy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following words is the suffix '-en' class-maintaining?

<p>Blacken (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following prefixes is class-changing?

<p>Fore- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remains after removing all derivational affixes from a word?

<p>Root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which word has 'nationalist' as its base?

<p>Nationalists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of affix is '-ish' in 'devilish'?

<p>Class-maintaining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a morpheme?

<p>An abstract unit of grammatical analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are allomorphs?

<p>Alternative realizations of a morpheme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many morphemes does the word 'examiner's' consist of?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about inflectional and derivational morphology?

<p>Derivational morphology deals with affixes that create new words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words consists of two morphemes?

<p>Broker (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is a root the same thing as a base?

<p>No, a root is not the same as a base. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is a base the same thing as a stem?

<p>Yes, they are interchangeable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many morphs does the word 'absentees' consist of?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a root and a base?

<p>A base may include derivational affixes, while a root does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which word consists of two morphs?

<p>Muleteer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the word 'inflexional' refer to in morphology?

<p>Affixes that indicate grammatical relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be described as the core component that holds the basic meaning?

<p>Root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can the terms base and stem be used interchangeably?

<p>Yes, they refer to the same concept. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prefix

A part of a word that changes the meaning of the base word when added to it.

Affix

A part of a word that can be added to a base word to create a new word with either unchanged or changed grammatical class.

Grammatical Class

A part of speech category that describes a word as a verb, noun, adjective, adverb, etc.

Prefixation

The process of adding a prefix to a base word.

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Suffixation

The process of adding a suffix to a base word.

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Class-maintaining Derivation

Adding an affix to a base word that does not change the word's grammatical class (e.g., noun to noun).

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Class-changing Derivation

Adding an affix to a base word that changes the word's grammatical class (e.g., noun to adjective).

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Morphology

The study of how words are formed and their structure.

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Base

The part of a word that is most basic; it remains after any prefixes or suffixes are removed.

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Root

The core meaning of a word, remaining after all affixes are removed.

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Stem

The part of the word that remains AFTER all derivational affixes have been removed.

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Inflection

The process of changing the form of a verb to show its tense (e.g., present, past, future).

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Suppletion

An irregular form of a verb's past tense.

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Reversative Prefix

A prefix that indicates a negative or opposite meaning.

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Locative Prefix

A prefix that indicates a location or position.

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Evaluative Prefix

A prefix that indicates a quality or judgement.

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Body-related Prefix

A prefix related to the human body or its functions.

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mal-

A prefix meaning "badly" or "incorrectly".

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mis-

A prefix meaning "wrongly" or "incorrectly".

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pseudo-

A prefix meaning "false" or "fake".

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ultra-

A prefix meaning "excessively" or "beyond".

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geo-

A prefix meaning "earth".

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hydro-

A prefix meaning "water".

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photo-

A prefix meaning "light".

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pneuma-

A prefix meaning "air".

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thermo-

A prefix meaning "heat".

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zoo-

A prefix meaning "animal".

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de-

A prefix meaning "do the opposite of".

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dis-

A prefix meaning "do the opposite of".

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un-

A prefix meaning "do the opposite of".

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Study Notes

Prefixes in English

  • Prefixes are used to change the meaning of a base to which they are added
  • Examples of prefixes related to parts of the human body or their functions:
    • audi(o)-: related to hearing
    • cardi(o)-: related to the heart

Morphology

  • Morphology refers to how the meaning of a word is qualified by preceding or following words
  • Modification refers to the process of change in the root or stem of a word
  • There are four types of modification in English:
    1. Replacement of the medial vowel in the root with a different vowel (e.g. eat -> ate)
    2. Replacement of the final consonant in the root with another consonant (e.g. bend -> bent)
    3. Replacement of the consonant with another consonant (e.g. catch -> cach)
    4. Replacement of the consonant with a completely different kind of sound (e.g. sleep -> slept)

Suppletion

  • Suppletion is a process where the past tense formation of a verb is irregular and cannot be explained by a generalized rule
  • Examples: go -> went, be -> was

Suffixation in English

  • Suffixation is a process of word formation where an affix is attached to the end of a word to form a new word
  • Suffixes can be classified into two types: class-changing and class-maintaining
  • Class-changing suffixes change the grammatical class of the word to which they are attached (e.g. noun to adjective)
  • Class-maintaining suffixes retain the grammatical class of the word to which they are attached (e.g. noun to noun)

Class-maintaining and Class-changing Derivations

  • Class-maintaining derivational affixes preserve the grammatical class (part of speech)
  • Class-changing derivational affixes change a word to a different grammatical class
  • Examples of class-maintaining and class-changing suffixes:
    • -ing (class-changing: verb to noun)
    • -ed (class-changing: verb to adjective)
    • -er (class-changing: verb to noun)
    • -ness (class-changing: adjective to noun)
    • -al (class-changing: noun to adjective)

Morphology Simplified

  • A base is the part of a word to which an affix has been added
  • A root is the part of a word that remains after all derivational affixes have been removed
  • A stem is the part of a word that remains after all derivational affixes have been removed
  • Examples of class-maintaining and class-changing suffixes:
    • -ish (class-changing: noun to adjective)
    • -al (class-changing: noun to adjective)
    • -en (class-changing: verb to noun)
    • -er (class-changing: verb to noun)

Prefixes

  • Examples of prefixes:
    • geo-: earth
    • hydro-: water
    • photo-: light
    • pneuma-: air
    • thermo-: heat
    • zoo-: animal
  • Examples of evaluative prefixes:
    • mal-: badly
    • mis-: wrongly
    • pseudo-: false
    • super-: of a good variety
    • ultra-: excessively
  • Examples of reversative prefixes:
    • de-: do the opposite of
    • dis-: do the opposite of
    • un-: do the opposite of
  • Examples of locative prefixes:
    • intra-: inside
    • inter-: between
    • pan-: all over
    • super-: above

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