Class 10 Physics: Motion and Forces

Class 10 Science

Physics

Motion:
- Types of motion: rectilinear, circular, periodic, and oscillatory motion
- Distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and deceleration
- Graphical representation of motion: distance-time graph, velocity-time graph, and acceleration-time graph
- Equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + (1/2)at^2, and v^2 = u^2 + 2as
Forces:
- Types of forces: contact forces (friction, normal, and tension) and non-contact forces (gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic)
- Newton's laws of motion: law of inertia, law of acceleration, and law of action and reaction
- Friction: types of friction (static, kinetic, and rolling), factors affecting friction, and applications
Energy:
- Types of energy: kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, and chemical energy
- Law of conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another
- Energy transformation: examples of energy conversion between different forms
Light:
- Reflection of light: laws of reflection, mirror formula, and spherical mirrors
- Refraction of light: laws of refraction, total internal reflection, and applications
- Lenses: types of lenses (convex and concave), lens formula, and image formation

Chemistry

Chemical Reactions:
- Types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, and combustion reactions
- Chemical equations: writing and balancing chemical equations
- Stoichiometry: mole concept, mole ratio, and limiting reagent
Acids and Bases:
- Arrhenius theory: acids as hydrogen ion donors and bases as hydroxide ion acceptors
- pH scale: definition, calculation, and importance
- Strong and weak acids and bases: examples and differences
Metals and Non-metals:
- Properties of metals: electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and malleability
- Properties of non-metals: electrical insulation, thermal insulation, and brittleness
- Reactivity series: order of reactivity of metals and non-metals
Carbon and its Compounds:
- Allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerene
- Properties and uses of carbon: importance in living organisms, fossil fuels, and industrial applications
- Compounds of carbon: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

Biology

Life Processes:
- Nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
- Respiration: aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Transportation: transportation in plants and animals
Control and Coordination:
- Nervous system: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and sense organs
- Hormones: definition, types, and functions
- Control and coordination in plants: tropisms and plant hormones
Heredity and Evolution:
- Mendel's laws of inheritance: law of segregation, law of independent assortment, and law of dominance
- Evolution: theory of evolution, fossil record, and variations
- Human evolution: stages of evolution and characteristics of early humans

Class 10 Science

Physics

Motion

Types of motion: rectilinear (straight line), circular, periodic (repeated at regular intervals), and oscillatory (back and forth)
Distance: total path length traveled by an object, displacement: shortest distance between initial and final positions
Speed: rate of change of distance, velocity: rate of change of displacement, acceleration: rate of change of velocity
Deceleration: negative acceleration, occurs when an object slows down
Graphical representation of motion: distance-time graph (distance vs time), velocity-time graph (velocity vs time), and acceleration-time graph (acceleration vs time)
Equations of motion: v = u + at (velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time), s = ut + (1/2)at^2 (distance = initial velocity × time + (1/2) × acceleration × time^2), and v^2 = u^2 + 2as (velocity^2 = initial velocity^2 + 2 × acceleration × displacement)

Forces

Contact forces: friction (opposes motion), normal force (perpendicular to surface), and tension (along a rope or string)
Non-contact forces: gravity (attractive force between objects), magnetic force, and electrostatic force
Newton's laws of motion:
- Law of inertia (first law): an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion
- Law of acceleration (second law): force = mass × acceleration
- Law of action and reaction (third law): every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Friction:
- Types of friction: static friction (static), kinetic friction (moving), and rolling friction (rolling)
- Factors affecting friction: surface roughness, normal force, and area of contact
- Applications of friction: brakes, gears, and wheel-axle systems

Energy

Types of energy: kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential energy (stored energy), thermal energy (energy of heat), electrical energy, and chemical energy
Law of conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another
Energy transformation: examples of energy conversion between different forms, such as mechanical energy to electrical energy in a generator

Light

Reflection of light:
- Laws of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection, and incidence ray, reflected ray, and normal are coplanar
- Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di (where f is focal length, do is object distance, and di is image distance)
- Spherical mirrors: concave and convex mirrors, and their uses
Refraction of light:
- Laws of refraction: Snell's law (sin(i)/sin(r) = n2/n1), and total internal reflection
- Applications of refraction: lenses, prisms, and optical fibers
Lenses:
- Types of lenses: convex lenses (converging) and concave lenses (diverging)
- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di (where f is focal length, do is object distance, and di is image distance)
- Image formation: real and virtual images, and applications of lenses

Chemistry

Chemical Reactions

Types of chemical reactions:
- Combination reactions: two or more substances combine to form a single product
- Decomposition reactions: a single substance breaks down into two or more products
- Displacement reactions: a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element
- Combustion reactions: a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light
Chemical equations: writing and balancing chemical equations
Stoichiometry:
- Mole concept: a mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12
- Mole ratio: the ratio of moles of reactants to products in a chemical reaction
- Limiting reagent: the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction

Acids and Bases

Arrhenius theory: acids are hydrogen ion donors, and bases are hydroxide ion acceptors
pH scale: a scale to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution, with pH = -log[H+]
Strong and weak acids and bases:
- Strong acids: completely dissociate in water, such as HCl and H2SO4
- Weak acids: partially dissociate in water, such as CH3COOH and HF
- Strong bases: completely dissociate in water, such as NaOH and KOH
- Weak bases: partially dissociate in water, such as NH3 and Trimethylamine

Metals and Non-metals

Properties of metals:
- Electrical conductivity: ability to conduct electricity
- Thermal conductivity: ability to conduct heat
- Malleability: ability to be shaped without breaking
Properties of non-metals:
- Electrical insulation: inability to conduct electricity
- Thermal insulation: inability to conduct heat
- Brittleness: inability to be shaped without breaking
Reactivity series: a series of metals and non-metals in order of their reactivity, with potassium as the most reactive and gold as the least reactive

Carbon and its Compounds

Allotropes of carbon:
- Diamond: a hard and rigid form of carbon
- Graphite: a soft and slippery form of carbon
- Fullerene: a newly discovered form of carbon
Properties and uses of carbon:
- Importance in living organisms: carbon is the basis of all life
- Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all carbon-based
- Industrial applications: carbon is used in steel production, and as a filter medium
Compounds of carbon:
- Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
- Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n
- Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n-2

Biology

Life Processes

Nutrition:
- Autotrophic nutrition: plants and some other organisms produce their own food
- Heterotrophic nutrition: animals and some other organisms obtain their food from other sources
Respiration:
- Aerobic respiration: cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
- Anaerobic respiration: cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
Transportation:
- Transportation in plants: through xylem and phloem tissues
- Transportation in animals: through blood, lymph, and nervous systems

Control and Coordination

Nervous system:
- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system: nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- Sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin
Hormones:
- Definition: chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
- Types of hormones: endocrine hormones, paracrine hormones, and autocrine hormones
- Functions of hormones: regulation of growth, development, and metabolism
Control and coordination in plants:
- Tropisms: growth responses to environmental stimuli
- Plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene

Heredity and Evolution

Mendel's laws of inheritance:
- Law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- Law of independent assortment: alleles of different genes are sorted independently
- Law of dominance: a dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele
Evolution:
- Theory of evolution: all species have evolved from a common ancestor
- Fossil record: a record of the history of life on Earth
- Variations: genetic and environmental variations that lead to evolution
Human evolution:
- Stages of evolution: from early hominids to modern humans
- Characteristics of early humans: such as bipedalism, language, and culture