Questions and Answers
What is the unit of acceleration?
What is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact?
What is the type of energy associated with the motion of an object?
What is the type of reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more substances?
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What is the pH of a neutral solution?
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What is the property of metals that allows them to be drawn into thin wires?
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What is the type of carbon allotrope that is soft and slippery?
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What is the process by which glucose is broken down to release energy in the absence of oxygen?
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What is the system that controls and coordinates the functions of the body?
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What is the scientific theory that explains how living organisms have changed over time?
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Study Notes
Class 10 Science
Physics
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Motion:
- Types of motion: rectilinear, circular, periodic, and oscillatory motion
- Distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and deceleration
- Graphical representation of motion: distance-time graph, velocity-time graph, and acceleration-time graph
- Equations of motion: v = u + at, s = ut + (1/2)at^2, and v^2 = u^2 + 2as
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Forces:
- Types of forces: contact forces (friction, normal, and tension) and non-contact forces (gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic)
- Newton's laws of motion: law of inertia, law of acceleration, and law of action and reaction
- Friction: types of friction (static, kinetic, and rolling), factors affecting friction, and applications
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Energy:
- Types of energy: kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, and chemical energy
- Law of conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another
- Energy transformation: examples of energy conversion between different forms
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Light:
- Reflection of light: laws of reflection, mirror formula, and spherical mirrors
- Refraction of light: laws of refraction, total internal reflection, and applications
- Lenses: types of lenses (convex and concave), lens formula, and image formation
Chemistry
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Chemical Reactions:
- Types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, and combustion reactions
- Chemical equations: writing and balancing chemical equations
- Stoichiometry: mole concept, mole ratio, and limiting reagent
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Acids and Bases:
- Arrhenius theory: acids as hydrogen ion donors and bases as hydroxide ion acceptors
- pH scale: definition, calculation, and importance
- Strong and weak acids and bases: examples and differences
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Metals and Non-metals:
- Properties of metals: electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and malleability
- Properties of non-metals: electrical insulation, thermal insulation, and brittleness
- Reactivity series: order of reactivity of metals and non-metals
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Carbon and its Compounds:
- Allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerene
- Properties and uses of carbon: importance in living organisms, fossil fuels, and industrial applications
- Compounds of carbon: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
Biology
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Life Processes:
- Nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
- Respiration: aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Transportation: transportation in plants and animals
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Control and Coordination:
- Nervous system: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and sense organs
- Hormones: definition, types, and functions
- Control and coordination in plants: tropisms and plant hormones
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Heredity and Evolution:
- Mendel's laws of inheritance: law of segregation, law of independent assortment, and law of dominance
- Evolution: theory of evolution, fossil record, and variations
- Human evolution: stages of evolution and characteristics of early humans
Class 10 Science
Physics
Motion
- Types of motion: rectilinear (straight line), circular, periodic (repeated at regular intervals), and oscillatory (back and forth)
- Distance: total path length traveled by an object, displacement: shortest distance between initial and final positions
- Speed: rate of change of distance, velocity: rate of change of displacement, acceleration: rate of change of velocity
- Deceleration: negative acceleration, occurs when an object slows down
- Graphical representation of motion: distance-time graph (distance vs time), velocity-time graph (velocity vs time), and acceleration-time graph (acceleration vs time)
- Equations of motion: v = u + at (velocity = initial velocity + acceleration × time), s = ut + (1/2)at^2 (distance = initial velocity × time + (1/2) × acceleration × time^2), and v^2 = u^2 + 2as (velocity^2 = initial velocity^2 + 2 × acceleration × displacement)
Forces
- Contact forces: friction (opposes motion), normal force (perpendicular to surface), and tension (along a rope or string)
- Non-contact forces: gravity (attractive force between objects), magnetic force, and electrostatic force
- Newton's laws of motion:
- Law of inertia (first law): an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion
- Law of acceleration (second law): force = mass × acceleration
- Law of action and reaction (third law): every action has an equal and opposite reaction
- Friction:
- Types of friction: static friction (static), kinetic friction (moving), and rolling friction (rolling)
- Factors affecting friction: surface roughness, normal force, and area of contact
- Applications of friction: brakes, gears, and wheel-axle systems
Energy
- Types of energy: kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential energy (stored energy), thermal energy (energy of heat), electrical energy, and chemical energy
- Law of conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another
- Energy transformation: examples of energy conversion between different forms, such as mechanical energy to electrical energy in a generator
Light
- Reflection of light:
- Laws of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection, and incidence ray, reflected ray, and normal are coplanar
- Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di (where f is focal length, do is object distance, and di is image distance)
- Spherical mirrors: concave and convex mirrors, and their uses
- Refraction of light:
- Laws of refraction: Snell's law (sin(i)/sin(r) = n2/n1), and total internal reflection
- Applications of refraction: lenses, prisms, and optical fibers
- Lenses:
- Types of lenses: convex lenses (converging) and concave lenses (diverging)
- Lens formula: 1/f = 1/do + 1/di (where f is focal length, do is object distance, and di is image distance)
- Image formation: real and virtual images, and applications of lenses
Chemistry
Chemical Reactions
- Types of chemical reactions:
- Combination reactions: two or more substances combine to form a single product
- Decomposition reactions: a single substance breaks down into two or more products
- Displacement reactions: a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element
- Combustion reactions: a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light
- Chemical equations: writing and balancing chemical equations
- Stoichiometry:
- Mole concept: a mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12
- Mole ratio: the ratio of moles of reactants to products in a chemical reaction
- Limiting reagent: the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction
Acids and Bases
- Arrhenius theory: acids are hydrogen ion donors, and bases are hydroxide ion acceptors
- pH scale: a scale to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution, with pH = -log[H+]
- Strong and weak acids and bases:
- Strong acids: completely dissociate in water, such as HCl and H2SO4
- Weak acids: partially dissociate in water, such as CH3COOH and HF
- Strong bases: completely dissociate in water, such as NaOH and KOH
- Weak bases: partially dissociate in water, such as NH3 and Trimethylamine
Metals and Non-metals
- Properties of metals:
- Electrical conductivity: ability to conduct electricity
- Thermal conductivity: ability to conduct heat
- Malleability: ability to be shaped without breaking
- Properties of non-metals:
- Electrical insulation: inability to conduct electricity
- Thermal insulation: inability to conduct heat
- Brittleness: inability to be shaped without breaking
- Reactivity series: a series of metals and non-metals in order of their reactivity, with potassium as the most reactive and gold as the least reactive
Carbon and its Compounds
- Allotropes of carbon:
- Diamond: a hard and rigid form of carbon
- Graphite: a soft and slippery form of carbon
- Fullerene: a newly discovered form of carbon
- Properties and uses of carbon:
- Importance in living organisms: carbon is the basis of all life
- Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all carbon-based
- Industrial applications: carbon is used in steel production, and as a filter medium
- Compounds of carbon:
- Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2
- Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n
- Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n-2
Biology
Life Processes
- Nutrition:
- Autotrophic nutrition: plants and some other organisms produce their own food
- Heterotrophic nutrition: animals and some other organisms obtain their food from other sources
- Respiration:
- Aerobic respiration: cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
- Anaerobic respiration: cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
- Transportation:
- Transportation in plants: through xylem and phloem tissues
- Transportation in animals: through blood, lymph, and nervous systems
Control and Coordination
- Nervous system:
- Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system: nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- Sense organs: eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin
- Hormones:
- Definition: chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions
- Types of hormones: endocrine hormones, paracrine hormones, and autocrine hormones
- Functions of hormones: regulation of growth, development, and metabolism
- Control and coordination in plants:
- Tropisms: growth responses to environmental stimuli
- Plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene
Heredity and Evolution
- Mendel's laws of inheritance:
- Law of segregation: each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- Law of independent assortment: alleles of different genes are sorted independently
- Law of dominance: a dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele
- Evolution:
- Theory of evolution: all species have evolved from a common ancestor
- Fossil record: a record of the history of life on Earth
- Variations: genetic and environmental variations that lead to evolution
- Human evolution:
- Stages of evolution: from early hominids to modern humans
- Characteristics of early humans: such as bipedalism, language, and culture
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Test your understanding of Class 10 Physics concepts, including types of motion, graphical representation, equations of motion, and types of forces.