CJ 101 Chapter 1 Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the premise of the crime control model?

  • Prioritizes rehabilitation of offenders
  • Focuses on protecting individual rights
  • Emphasizes reducing crime in society at all costs (correct)
  • Aims at promoting restorative justice

    • Which amendment is related to Miranda rights?

  • 4th Amendment
  • 6th Amendment
  • 5th Amendment (correct)
  • 1st Amendment

    • What is the key concept to consider regarding illegal searches and seizures?

  • The need for due process
  • The exclusionary rule (correct)
  • The importance of obtaining a search warrant
  • The necessity of a speedy trial

    • What is mens rea?

    <p>The guilty mind or intent behind a criminal act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is common law?

    <p>Case law based on legal precedents and customs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of positivist criminology?

    <p>Cesare Lombroso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Corpus Delicti' refers to:

    <p>The act or body of a crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Atavists' in criminology are:

    <p>`People born with criminal tendencies due to biological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of social learning theories?

    <p>Crime is learned through interactions with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do social control theories believe?

    <p>Criminal behavior is due to a lack of social bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core concept of Differential Association Theory?

    <p>Criminal behavior is learned through interactions with criminal peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Age Crime Curve?

    <p>A graph showing the relationship between age and crime rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who collects victimization data?

    <p>National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are inferential statistics?

    <p>Methods for drawing conclusions from data samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reliability?

    <p>Consistency or stability of a measure or statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Part I offenses?

    <p>Serious offenses like murder and robbery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criminological enterprise?

    <p>The study of crime and criminal behavior in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Strain Theories focus on?

    <p>The impact of social structures on individuals' likelihood to commit crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the crime control perspective and other perspectives?

    <p>Emphasizing the importance of controlling crime over individual freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the due process model of justice entail?

    <p>Presuming everyone is innocent until proven guilty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does restorative justice differ from other models of punishment?

    <p>It focuses on repairing harm and involving the community in offender rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the consensus model, what are the main responsibilities of the criminal justice system?

    <p>Protecting the public, enforcing the law, and maintaining public order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes assembly line justice?

    <p>Fast-tracking cases through the legal system without individual consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does procedural law govern?

    <p>The rules that dictate how the legal system operates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the adversarial approach in justice rely on?

    <p>Competing interests presented by opposing parties in a trial setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conflict model of criminal justice focused on?

    <p>'Conflict' between different institutions within the justice system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of legal realism as mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Realistic' application of law to actual social conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the crime control perspective?

    <p>Controlling crime to ensure public safety and order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the due process model view individuals until proven guilty?

    <p>Everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does restorative justice aim to achieve?

    <p>Involving the community in rehabilitating offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the consensus model, what are the primary responsibilities of the criminal justice system?

    <p>Enforcing the law, maintaining public order, protecting the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cases that go through assembly line justice?

    <p>Quick processing with minimal scrutiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between procedural law and substantive law?

    <p>Procedural law ensures justice, while substantive law defines rights and obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the adversarial approach in justice rely on?

    <p>'Winning' for one side over the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On what does the wedding cake model base its layers?

    <p>'Celebrated cases' at the top and 'mid-layer' cases at the bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is legal realism primarily focused on?

    <p>Examining how judges actually decide cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are interpreters in the context of criminal justice?

    <p>Legal professionals who interpret laws for laypersons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of social disorganization theory in criminology?

    <p>High crime rates are a consequence of weakened social bonds and community disorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core concept of Differential Association Theory?

    <p>Criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do social control theories believe?

    <p>Strength of social bonds determines adherence to societal norms and laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Age Crime Curve?

    <p>A graph showing the relationship between age and the likelihood of criminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of cognitive development theory in criminology?

    <p>Learning experiences shape an individual's understanding of socially acceptable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Part II offenses as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Less serious crimes like vandalism and disorderly conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of the classical approach to crime and crime control?

    <p>Punishment should be severe and certain to deter criminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core concept of inferential statistics as mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Inference involves making predictions based on sample data'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What Latin term refers to the body of the crime?

    <p>Corpus Delicti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the father of positivist criminology?

    <p>Cesare Lombroso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevailing criteria to establish the insanity defense in the US?

    <p>M'Naghten Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key concept behind mala prohibita crimes?

    <p>They are crimes with no criminal intent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the exclusionary rule?

    <p>To suppress illegally obtained evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amendment deals with bail?

    <p>Eighth Amendment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Corpus Delicti' is a Latin term referring to which aspect of a crime?

    <p>Physical evidence at the crime scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Stare Decisis' is a legal principle associated with:

    <p>'Precedent'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Actus Reus' in criminal law refers to:

    <p>'Criminal Act'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Atavists' in criminology are often associated with:

    <p>'Biological Explanations for Crime'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Crime Control Model

    • Emphasizes efficiency and effectiveness in apprehending and punishing criminals
    • Prioritizes swift and certain justice
    • Focuses on deterring crime through visible and harsh punishments

    Miranda Rights

    • Related to the Fifth Amendment
    • Protects individuals from self-incrimination

    Illegal Searches and Seizures

    • Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures
    • Requires probable cause and a warrant, except in certain exceptions

    Mens Rea

    • Refers to the guilty mind
    • The mental state required for a crime to be committed
    • Demonstrates the intent or knowledge of wrongdoing

    Common Law

    • Legal system based on judicial precedents and customs
    • Developed through court decisions rather than legislation
    • Predominant in many countries, including the United States

    Father of Positivist Criminology

    • Cesare Lombroso
    • Founder of the Italian school of criminology
    • Emphasized biological and psychological factors contributing to crime

    Corpus Delicti

    • Means "body of the crime"
    • Refers to the essential elements of a crime that must be proven in court

    Atavists

    • Refer to "throwbacks" to an earlier, more primitive stage of human evolution
    • Lombroso theorized that criminals were atavistic individuals with atavistic traits
    • These traits, he suggested, made them predisposed to criminal behavior

    Social Learning Theories

    • Focus on the role of social interaction and learning processes in shaping criminal behavior
    • Individuals learn criminal behavior through observation, imitation, and reinforcement from others
    • Examples include differential association theory and social cognitive theory

    Social Control Theories

    • Focus on the social factors that prevent individuals from engaging in crime
    • Individuals are bonded to society through attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
    • These bonds act as deterrents to criminal behavior

    Differential Association Theory

    • Developed by Edwin Sutherland
    • States that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others
    • The more exposure individuals have to criminal attitudes and values, the more likely they are to engage in crime

    Age Crime Curve

    • Represents the relationship between age and crime
    • Shows that crime rates generally peak in adolescence and early adulthood, then decline steadily with age

    Victimization Data

    • Collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
    • Provides information on the nature, extent, and impact of crime from the perspective of victims
    • Used to understand crime trends and develop effective crime prevention strategies

    Inferential Statistics

    • Used to draw conclusions about a population based on data from a sample
    • Enable researchers to generalize findings from a smaller group to a larger group
    • Help to understand relationships between variables and make predictions about future outcomes

    Reliability

    • Refers to the consistency and dependability of a measurement tool
    • A reliable measure produces consistent results when used repeatedly on the same subject or group
    • Essential for accurate and trustworthy research findings

    Part I Offenses

    • More serious crimes tracked by the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program
    • Include murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
    • Used to provide a national overview of crime trends

    Criminological Enterprise

    • Encompasses the various fields and perspectives that study crime and criminal justice
    • Includes criminology, criminal justice, criminal law, sociology, psychology, and other relevant fields

    Strain Theories

    • Focus on the social conditions and pressures that contribute to crime
    • Argue that crime arises when individuals are faced with a disjuncture between goals and legitimate means of achieving them

    Crime Control Perspective vs. Other Perspectives

    • Primary focus on efficiency and suppression of crime
    • Emphasizes swift and certain punishment
    • Contrasts with due process and restorative justice perspectives

    Due Process Model of Justice

    • Emphasizes fair and impartial administration of justice
    • Protects individual rights and freedoms
    • Prioritizes legal safeguards and procedures

    Restorative Justice

    • Focuses on repairing the harm caused by crime
    • Involves victims, offenders, and the community in the process of addressing the consequences of crime
    • Aims to restore relationships and promote reconciliation

    Consensus Model

    • Assumes that society shares a common understanding of law and justice
    • Criminal justice system acts as a neutral agent to ensure that all members of society are treated equally
    • The major components of the criminal justice system (law enforcement, courts, corrections) are interconnected and collaborate to maintain order

    Assembly Line Justice

    • Characterized by mass processing of cases
    • Focuses on efficiency, speed, and predictability
    • Individuals are treated as cases, not as individuals

    Procedural Law

    • Governs the processes and procedures involved in criminal justice
    • Outlines the rules for arrests, searches, seizures, trials, and sentencing
    • Ensures fairness and due process in the criminal justice system

    Adversarial Approach in Justice

    • Relies on competing parties (prosecution and defense) presenting evidence and arguments
    • Judge or jury acts as an impartial arbiter to determine truth and guilt
    • A cornerstone of the U.S. legal system

    Conflict Model of Criminal Justice

    • Views the criminal justice system as a tool of the powerful elite
    • Different groups in society have competing interests and values
    • Criminal justice system reflects and reinforces the power imbalances in society
    • Emphasizes the influence of social context, values, and discretion on legal decision-making
    • Recognizes that law is not a rigid set of rules but rather a flexible instrument shaped by social forces

    Crime Control Perspective Focus

    • Suppressing crime
    • Emphasizes efficiency and effectiveness in apprehension and punishment

    Due Process Model View of Individuals

    • Innocent until proven guilty
    • Emphasizes individual rights and protections

    Restorative Justice Aim

    • Repairing harm, restoring relationships, and promoting reconciliation

    Consensus Model Primary Responsibilities of the Criminal Justice System

    • Enforcing the law
    • Protecting the rights of citizens
    • Maintaining order and safety

    Cases Characterizing Assembly Line Justice

    • Routine offenses, such as petty theft and drug possession
    • Often dealt with through plea bargaining and pre-trial diversion programs
    • Emphasis on speed and finality

    Procedural Law vs. Substantive Law

    • Procedural law governs the processes and procedures while substantive law defines the rights and obligations of individuals

    Adversarial Approach Reliance

    • The presumption of innocence
    • Allows for competing arguments and evidence to be presented

    Wedding Cake Model Layers

    • Based on the seriousness and notoriety of the crimes
    • Top layer: High-profile cases involving celebrities, political figures, or crimes with exceptional brutality
    • Second layer: Serious felonies with high media attention
    • Third layer: Ordinary felonies
    • Bottom layer: Less serious felonies
    • Social context and values
    • Emphasizes the discretion of judges and prosecutors

    Interpreters in Criminal Justice

    • Law enforcement officers, judges, lawyers, prosecutors, and correctional officers
    • Interpret the law and apply it in specific situations

    Social Disorganization Theory Premise

    • Crime results from weak or broken social structures
    • Factors such as poverty, unemployment, residential instability, and lack of social control are associated with high crime rates

    Core Concept of Differential Association Theory

    • Criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others
    • Individuals learn criminal attitudes, values, and techniques through contact with others

    Social Control Theories Belief

    • Individuals are bonded to society through attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief
    • These bonds act as deterrents to criminal behavior

    Age Crime Curve

    • Shows the relationship between age and crime rates
    • Generally peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, then declines with age

    Cognitive Development Theory Premise

    • Individuals' cognitive development influences their understanding of right and wrong
    • Criminal behavior is more likely to occur when individuals are in stages of cognitive development where they have not yet developed a mature moral compass

    Part II Offenses

    • Less serious crimes tracked by the UCR program
    • Include vandalism, fraud, embezzlement, and drug offenses
    • Used to gain a broader understanding of crime patterns

    Classical Approach to Crime and Crime Control

    • Emphasizes free will and rational choice in criminal behavior
    • Individuals choose to commit crimes after considering the potential costs and benefits
    • Focuses on deterrence and the effectiveness of punishments

    Inferential Statistics Core Concept

    • Drawing conclusions about a population based on data from a sample

    Latin Term Referencing the Body of the Crime

    • Corpus Delicti

    Father of Positivist Criminology

    • Cesare Lombroso

    Insanity Defense Criteria in the U.S.

    • The M'Naghten Rule
    • Defendant must prove that they were so mentally ill at the time of the crime that they did not understand the nature or wrongfulness of their actions

    Mala Prohibita Crimes

    • Crimes that are wrong because they are prohibited by law
    • Their wrongfulness is not inherent but derived from societal prohibition

    Exclusionary Rule Primary Goal

    • Deter police misconduct
    • Prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in criminal trials

    Amendment Dealing with Bail

    • Eighth Amendment
    • Protects against excessive bail

    Corpus Delicti Refers to

    • The essential elements of a crime
    • The body of the offense

    Stare Decisis

    • "To stand by things decided"
    • Legal principle that requires courts to adhere to precedents set by higher courts or previous decisions in similar cases

    Actus Reus

    • The guilty act
    • The physical act of committing a crime

    Atavists

    • Refer to individuals with primitive characteristics thought to be predisposed to crime in Lombroso's theory
    • Lombroso believed that criminals were atavistic individuals with atavistic traits

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    Prepare for your CJ 101 exam with these review questions focusing on the crime control perspective. Learn how it sets itself apart from other perspectives in the criminal justice system. Make sure to understand key terms and concepts from the chapter.

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