Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of legal process regulations?
What is the primary purpose of legal process regulations?
- To simplify the trial process
- To maintain a fair legal process (correct)
- To eliminate all crime
- To ensure punishments are harsh and swift
Which type of crime is considered the most serious?
Which type of crime is considered the most serious?
- Felony (correct)
- Misdemeanor
- Inchoate Offense
- Infraction
What distinguishes misdemeanors from felonies?
What distinguishes misdemeanors from felonies?
- Misdemeanors involve less serious offenses (correct)
- Misdemeanors are only civil offenses
- Misdemeanors can lead to a death penalty
- Misdemeanors require legal representation in all cases
Which of the following is an example of an inchoate offense?
Which of the following is an example of an inchoate offense?
What is typically the legal consequence of an infraction?
What is typically the legal consequence of an infraction?
Which of the following elements must always be present for an act to be labeled as a criminal offense?
Which of the following elements must always be present for an act to be labeled as a criminal offense?
What term refers to the relationship between criminal act and criminal intent?
What term refers to the relationship between criminal act and criminal intent?
Which element is part of corpus delicti that is not always required for all offenses?
Which element is part of corpus delicti that is not always required for all offenses?
What is one of the primary roles of the US Marshals Service?
What is one of the primary roles of the US Marshals Service?
Which of the following best describes the workload of US District Courts?
Which of the following best describes the workload of US District Courts?
What types of cases do US District Courts typically handle?
What types of cases do US District Courts typically handle?
What is a key responsibility of the US Marshals regarding fugitives?
What is a key responsibility of the US Marshals regarding fugitives?
What is the role of US Marshals in relation to judicial security?
What is the role of US Marshals in relation to judicial security?
What is the burden of proof required in a civil trial?
What is the burden of proof required in a civil trial?
Which of the following best describes substantive law?
Which of the following best describes substantive law?
What does procedural law primarily focus on?
What does procedural law primarily focus on?
Which term refers to the highest level of proof required to secure a guilty verdict in criminal cases?
Which term refers to the highest level of proof required to secure a guilty verdict in criminal cases?
What is a consequence of a change in substantive law?
What is a consequence of a change in substantive law?
What is a key characteristic of procedural law?
What is a key characteristic of procedural law?
Which of the following would fall under substantive law?
Which of the following would fall under substantive law?
Which scenario illustrates procedural law being violated?
Which scenario illustrates procedural law being violated?
What is a primary goal of Problem-Oriented Policing?
What is a primary goal of Problem-Oriented Policing?
Which of the following best describes the Broken Windows Perspective?
Which of the following best describes the Broken Windows Perspective?
What aspect of police organizations is emphasized by the quasi-military model?
What aspect of police organizations is emphasized by the quasi-military model?
Why is police discretion important in law enforcement?
Why is police discretion important in law enforcement?
What is a common aspect of police patrol duties?
What is a common aspect of police patrol duties?
Which of the following statements best reflects the criticism of police discretion?
Which of the following statements best reflects the criticism of police discretion?
Which factor is NOT typically considered by police officers when making decisions?
Which factor is NOT typically considered by police officers when making decisions?
What does Zero-Tolerance Policing primarily focus on?
What does Zero-Tolerance Policing primarily focus on?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of police response time?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of police response time?
What is the goal of community involvement in Problem-Oriented Policing?
What is the goal of community involvement in Problem-Oriented Policing?
What major change in law enforcement occurred after the 9/11 attacks?
What major change in law enforcement occurred after the 9/11 attacks?
Which department does the FBI fall under?
Which department does the FBI fall under?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the Secret Service?
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the Secret Service?
What is a primary focus of local law enforcement agencies?
What is a primary focus of local law enforcement agencies?
Which of the following statements about state-level law enforcement is true?
Which of the following statements about state-level law enforcement is true?
How many local police departments are there approximately in the US?
How many local police departments are there approximately in the US?
Which agency handles most federal crime investigations?
Which agency handles most federal crime investigations?
Which of the following roles is typically served by sheriff departments?
Which of the following roles is typically served by sheriff departments?
Local law enforcement does NOT typically focus on which of the following?
Local law enforcement does NOT typically focus on which of the following?
What significant support did law enforcement receive during the 1980s?
What significant support did law enforcement receive during the 1980s?
What constitutes an alibi in a criminal defense?
What constitutes an alibi in a criminal defense?
Which legal standard assesses whether a defendant could determine right from wrong at the time of an offense?
Which legal standard assesses whether a defendant could determine right from wrong at the time of an offense?
What is the focus of the Irresistible Impulse Rule?
What is the focus of the Irresistible Impulse Rule?
What does the Appreciation Test require of a defendant?
What does the Appreciation Test require of a defendant?
What does the Durham Rule evaluate concerning a defendant's behavior?
What does the Durham Rule evaluate concerning a defendant's behavior?
Which of the following describes 'Guilty But Mentally Ill' verdict?
Which of the following describes 'Guilty But Mentally Ill' verdict?
What is one of the justifications for exempting a defendant's culpability?
What is one of the justifications for exempting a defendant's culpability?
Which principle states that children under the age of 7 are presumed incapable of criminal intent?
Which principle states that children under the age of 7 are presumed incapable of criminal intent?
What is a common legal view regarding the defense of mistake?
What is a common legal view regarding the defense of mistake?
How does intoxication serve as a defense in legal terms?
How does intoxication serve as a defense in legal terms?
The Model Penal Code Test (ALI) is used to determine a defendant's:
The Model Penal Code Test (ALI) is used to determine a defendant's:
What is a critical aspect of the insanity defense that can impact the outcome of the trial?
What is a critical aspect of the insanity defense that can impact the outcome of the trial?
Which of the following accurately describes duress as a defense?
Which of the following accurately describes duress as a defense?
Which option represents a requirement for a successful insanity defense under the M'Naghten Rule?
Which option represents a requirement for a successful insanity defense under the M'Naghten Rule?
Flashcards
Preponderance of Evidence
Preponderance of Evidence
The burden of proof in a civil trial, requiring more than 50% of the evidence to favor the plaintiff.
Beyond Reasonable Doubt
Beyond Reasonable Doubt
The highest legal standard of proof, required in criminal cases for a guilty verdict.
Substantive Law
Substantive Law
Law defining criminal offenses and punishments.
Procedural Law
Procedural Law
Signup and view all the flashcards
Substantive Law in Criminal Cases
Substantive Law in Criminal Cases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Procedural Law Changes
Procedural Law Changes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chain of Custody
Chain of Custody
Signup and view all the flashcards
Civil Trial Burden of Proof
Civil Trial Burden of Proof
Signup and view all the flashcards
Felony
Felony
Signup and view all the flashcards
Misdemeanor
Misdemeanor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inchoate Offense
Inchoate Offense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Actus Reus
Actus Reus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mens Rea
Mens Rea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Corpus Delicti
Corpus Delicti
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infraction
Infraction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Criminal Act
Criminal Act
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alibi
Alibi
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insanity Defense
Insanity Defense
Signup and view all the flashcards
M'Naghten Rule
M'Naghten Rule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Irresistible Impulse Rule
Irresistible Impulse Rule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Appreciation Test
Appreciation Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Durham Rule
Durham Rule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Model Penal Code Test (ALI)
Model Penal Code Test (ALI)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guilty but Mentally Ill
Guilty but Mentally Ill
Signup and view all the flashcards
Duress
Duress
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infancy
Infancy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mistake
Mistake
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intoxication
Intoxication
Signup and view all the flashcards
Edgar Hoover's Legacy
Edgar Hoover's Legacy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Get-Tough-on-Crime Movement
Get-Tough-on-Crime Movement
Signup and view all the flashcards
Police-Community Partnerships
Police-Community Partnerships
Signup and view all the flashcards
9/11's Impact on Law Enforcement
9/11's Impact on Law Enforcement
Signup and view all the flashcards
Role Expansion Post-9/11
Role Expansion Post-9/11
Signup and view all the flashcards
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Department of Justice
Department of Justice
Signup and view all the flashcards
FBI Jurisdiction
FBI Jurisdiction
Signup and view all the flashcards
State Level Law Enforcement Variations
State Level Law Enforcement Variations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Local Law Enforcement: Order & Problem-Solving
Local Law Enforcement: Order & Problem-Solving
Signup and view all the flashcards
US Marshals
US Marshals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Federal Questions in US District Court
Federal Questions in US District Court
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diversity of Jurisdiction
Diversity of Jurisdiction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prisoner Petition
Prisoner Petition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Civil Cases in US District Courts
Civil Cases in US District Courts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Problem-Oriented Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Zero-Tolerance Policing
Zero-Tolerance Policing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Broken Windows Perspective
Broken Windows Perspective
Signup and view all the flashcards
Police Discretion
Police Discretion
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the four aspects of response time?
What are the four aspects of response time?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are three reasons why the military model is attractive to law enforcement?
What are three reasons why the military model is attractive to law enforcement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are 3 main police activities?
What are 3 main police activities?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are examples of peacemaking and order maintenance activities by police?
What are examples of peacemaking and order maintenance activities by police?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What's the argument against extensive police discretion?
What's the argument against extensive police discretion?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Chapter 1: Crime & Criminal Justice
- Social Control: Society's rules, habits, and customs to enforce conformity to norms. Without it, society would be chaotic and dangerous.
- Crime: Violation of societal laws by individuals or groups.
- Justice: Administering punishment or reward based on a society's moral code. This can vary from one society to another.
- Criminal Justice: A social institution focused on controlling crime through crime detection, detention, and punishment. It's a dynamic system constantly changing.
- Sociological Imagination: The concept, coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills, encourages us to look beyond the obvious and evaluate how social circumstances (like race, age, gender, and personal experiences) influence our perceptions.
Chapter 2: How Crime Is Measured and Who It Affects
- Victims of Crime: People suffering harm through crime. This encompasses a wide variety of circumstances.
- Types of Crime Victims: Different classifications of victims exist, based on their role and characteristics.
- Crime Measurement: Collection of crime data poses challenges due to potential issues with definitions, resources, and political influences.
- Dark Figure of Crime: Crimes that go unreported, affecting the accuracy of official crime statistics. Think of this as an iceberg—the visible part is the official reported crime, and the remainder is hidden beneath the surface.
Chapter 3: Development of Criminal Law
- Rule of Law: The government is restricted to acting within pre-defined laws, making procedures for punishment clear and fair.
- Code of Hammurabi: One of the earliest examples of written laws, famous for its "eye for an eye" philosophy.
- Magna Carta: A historical document that influenced legal and constitutional principles in modern democracies.
Chapter 4: History and Organization of Law Enforcement
- Evolution of Policing: The origin and development of police forces show the evolution of the role of the police. For example, in early England—constables, Watch-and-Ward—or in Japan —Samurai warriors.
- American Policing: Early policing in the US developed out of social and political necessities, which differs from the current practices.
- Police Professionalism: The rise of professional standards in policing through the development of formalized training, education, and legal structures, starting in the early 20th century.
Chapter 5: Police Organization, Operation, and the Law
- Organization of Law Enforcement: Police forces vary widely across different levels (federal, state, local, and tribal levels).
- Police Roles: The role of the police is complex and constantly evolving in response to changing social conditions and new threats.
- Police Activities: Activities of the different levels of policing are described.
- Rules Police Follow: The standards established by procedural law.
- Discretional Policy Issues: The balance between legal and lawful policing actions and upholding or protecting legal rights.
Chapter 6: Policing: Innovations and Controversies
- Technology in Policing: Technological developments in surveillance and data collection.
- Use of Force: Different levels of force, and factors involved in justifiable use of force.
- Police Use of Force: Discussion of legal limitations and the criteria for justifiable use of force, focusing on the aspects of self-defense, protection of others, and necessity.
Chapter 7: The Court System in the US
- Federal Courts: Organization and structure of federal courts, showing a system consisting of the US Supreme Court, the US Courts of Appeals, and the US District Courts.
- State Courts: Structure of court systems in each state, differing in organization and focus.
- Jurisdiction: The authority of a court to hear a specific case depends on factors like the location of the crime, the nature of the offense (felony versus misdemeanor), and whether it is the initial trial or an appeal.
- Types of Courts: There are various different types of courts with different roles, like trial courts, appellate courts, and specialized courts, handling different types of cases (like family disputes or serious criminal charges).
Chapter 8: The Courtroom Work Group
- Courtroom Workgroup Participants: Roles of the courtroom actors discussed—prosecution, defense, and judiciary—emphasizing collaborative nature among participants in efficient operation.
- Courtroom Workgroup Issues: Addressing issues like legal precedent, ethical standards, and power dynamics in courtroom actions.
- Prosecutorial, Defense, and Judicial Considerations: Processes, responsibilities, and considerations within those areas.
- Participants and Their Functions: Specific members of the courtroom work group are discussed with a focus on the roles they play e.g., law enforcement, court personnel, the public, attorneys, etc
- Participants and Their Role in Criminal Justice: Showing the interactions among all courtroom participants and their impact in the resolution of criminal activity.
Chapter 9: The Disposition: Plea Bargaining, Trial, and Sentencing
- Plea Bargaining: A negotiation process commonly used to resolve cases outside of trial.
- Judicial Decisions: Important judicial decisions regarding the process (e.g., bail, sentencing).
- Understanding Bail: How is bail processed and handled and the ethical considerations surrounding cash bonds and different types of bond forms (e.g., cash bond or surety bond).
- Types and Variations of Bail: The different considerations in the bail system are discussed. This includes issues like fairness, ethical issues, and alternatives.
Chapter 10: History of Control and Punishment
- Prison Systems: Development of prison systems in the Colonial era, and the shift towards more effective, humane institutions.
- Pennsylvania vs. Auburn System: Comparison of early US prison models that emphasize varying methods of control that have affected prison systems to this day.
- Evolution of Control and Punishment: The history of different approaches to managing offenders.
Chapter 11: Prisons and Jails
- Prison Life: The daily experiences and challenges faced by incarcerated individuals in different types of prison facilities
- Security Levels: Different types of prisons with varying security levels, and the impact it has on inmates.
- Prison Gangs: Discussion of criminal organizations within prison systems.
Chapter 12: Community Corrections
- Community Corrections: How the CJ system addresses offenders in the community through methods like probation, parole, and diversion.
Chapter 13: Juvenile Justice
- Juvenile Justice System: Comparing and contrasting the juvenile justice system to adult courts, considering the differences in the philosophy of punishment, and in practice.
Chapter 14: Criminal Justice in the Future: Issues and Concerns
- High Incarceration Rate: The factors that contribute to high rates of incarceration, and consequences of this.
- Unintended Consequences: Examining unintended outcomes of high incarceration rates on individuals, families, communities, and society overall.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
