Civilization Theories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key characteristics identified by Glyn Daniels that signifies the development of a civilization?

  • Formation of alliances
  • Urbanization (correct)
  • Development of currency
  • Establishment of national borders

    • Which civilization is NOT listed among the first six civilizations identified by Glyn Daniels?

  • Greece (correct)
  • Sumer
  • China
  • Meso-America

    • According to Arnold J Toynbee, how many civilizations had disappeared by 1940?

  • 5
  • 10
  • 21
  • 16 (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT described as a factor in Diamond's Environmental Explanation?

    <p>Development of art</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Diamond suggest was a significant advantage for Eurasians during the Neolithic Revolution?

    <p>Success in developing large mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the centralized political institutions that developed as stated in Diamond's theories?

    <p>Concentration of power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects a common outcome of societies that achieved food surpluses according to the theories presented?

    <p>Invention of complex languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following civilizations is categorized as a surviving civilization by Toynbee?

    <p>Far Eastern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of a nation-state?

    <p>A country with its own land, people, and government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the transformation from feudalism to a system where capital plays a major role?

    <p>Capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant influence on the rise of Western geographical traditions?

    <p>The Age of Enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did technological change play in Western geographical traditions?

    <p>It led to a quantitative revolution in geography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'city-state' refer to?

    <p>A single city that operates as its own independent country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect contributed to the dominance of Europeans in the global economy?

    <p>The establishment of a capitalist mode of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is viewed as central to understanding modern social and economic geography?

    <p>The establishment of a global division of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cultural framework that emerged in Western history?

    <p>Capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is identified as contributing to the West's formula faltering?

    <p>Ecocide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    David Harvey's theory 'Story 4' contrasts which two concepts?

    <p>The West vs. the Rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to locate a point on the planet by its physical characteristics?

    <p>Site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the scale '1:24,000' signify on a map?

    <p>1 cm on the map represents 24,000 cm in reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for determining a point's relative location?

    <p>Mathematical calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major crisis identified in the West's formula faltering relating to mental health?

    <p>Burnout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scale representation provides a graphic illustration of distance between landmarks?

    <p>Graphic bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that favorable environmental conditions were crucial for the West's development?

    <p>Story 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes large scale maps from small scale maps?

    <p>Large scale maps cover a small area with more details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered one of the DOGSTAILS elements of a map?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the scale of a map, such as 1:100,000, signify?

    <p>1 unit on the map represents 100,000 units on the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited as the first to demonstrate that the Earth was spherical?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did the Greeks contribute significantly to cartography?

    <p>They created the grid system of latitude and longitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Eratosthenes' work is noted for its accuracy?

    <p>The measurement of Earth's circumference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding small scale maps?

    <p>They cover a large area with limited detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is often included in a map's legend?

    <p>Author</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of the Mercator map projection?

    <p>It has large distortions in high latitude areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the purpose of cartography in relation to human geography?

    <p>To depict the spatial distribution of human activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential change did the introduction of standard time zones bring in the 19th century?

    <p>It improved coordination between locations due to railway lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Greenwich Meridian significant in the context of global time coordination?

    <p>It established the Prime Meridian for longitude calculations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem can arise from the delineation of borders in cartography?

    <p>It can result in boundary conflicts and overlapping claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did faster transportation in the mid-19th century affect global arrangements?

    <p>It prompted the need for international coordination of time zones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a loxodrome?

    <p>A constant course line used in navigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the Mercator projection?

    <p>It offers a conformal representation, preserving angles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Arab cartographers play during the Dark Ages?

    <p>They preserved and translated ancient works.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'O' and 'T' in the O & T map represent?

    <p>Oceans and rivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable contribution did al-Idrisi make in 1154?

    <p>He made one of the most accurate world maps of his time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological advancement in the 15th century significantly impacted map production?

    <p>The introduction of printing and engraving techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which continent was added to maps during the 16th century?

    <p>The Americas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique characteristic did al-Idrisi's map have?

    <p>It featured a south-oriented perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main purposes of maps?

    <p>Storing reference material and aiding in location learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Mercator Map of 1595?

    <p>It combined existing maps and included British explorations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event led to the emergence of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution?

    <p>Increased population pressure and need for stable food sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the climatic factors that contributed to the Neolithic Revolution?

    <p>Warmer and wetter climate promoting plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the Neolithic Revolution occurred due to the gradual improvement of human intelligence?

    <p>Human Progress Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did leaders potentially play in the transition to agriculture according to the theories of power?

    <p>They promoted agriculture to control food production and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did modern humans, known as Homo sapiens, first appear in the context of the Big History timeline?

    <p>200,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor that did NOT contribute to the Neolithic Revolution?

    <p>Human expansion into uninhabited territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approximate time in a 24-hour format represents the emergence of primates?

    <p>21 minutes to midnight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the timeline of life on Earth, from what time period did the first evidence of life originate?

    <p>3,600 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon does the term 'ecocide' refer to in the context of the West's challenges?

    <p>An ecological and climate crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposed by David Harvey suggests that development was exclusive to the West?

    <p>Story 3 - Because in the West, not elsewhere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT recognized by Glyn Daniels as a sign of civilization?

    <p>Construction of military forts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of locating a point involves using latitude and longitude?

    <p>By mathematical location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following civilizations is mentioned as one of the first six identified by Glyn Daniels?

    <p>Meso-America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is map scale expressed when showing an actual distance ratio?

    <p>Fraction or ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which civilization is NOT listed among the five surviving civilizations in Toynbee's analysis?

    <p>Buddhist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is NOT highlighted as part of the West's formula faltering?

    <p>Political stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Diamond, what effect did domesticated mammals in Eurasia have?

    <p>They served as breeding grounds for diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which representation of map scale provides a visual depiction of distance between landmarks?

    <p>Graphic bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'burnout' refer to in the context of the West's challenges?

    <p>Deterioration in mental health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did writing play in societies with food surpluses according to Diamond's theory?

    <p>It facilitated better administration of complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories suggests that Western development occurred sequentially before spreading globally?

    <p>Story 2 - First in the West, then elsewhere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does Diamond NOT attribute to the development of centralized political institutions?

    <p>Increased levels of literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT considered as an environmental reason for the dominance of Eurasian civilizations?

    <p>High population density in urban centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a civilization, as identified by both Daniels and Toynbee?

    <p>Complex ceremonial centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of map provides detailed information about a small area?

    <p>Large scale map</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the scale represented as 1:100,000 on a map?

    <p>1 cm on the map equals 100,000 cm on Earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT a part of the DOGSTAILS acronym for map elements?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key geographic system did the ancient Greeks develop that aids in cartography?

    <p>System of latitude and longitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who calculated the Earth's circumference with remarkable accuracy in ancient times?

    <p>Eratosthenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes small scale maps?

    <p>Shows a large area with little detail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'inset' refer to in map elements?

    <p>A secondary map placed within the main map.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher was the first to provide evidence that the Earth is spherical?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of a nation-state?

    <p>A territory with its own government and defined borders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era played a significant role in shaping Western geographical traditions through exploration?

    <p>Age of Reconnaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major transition occurred in Europe between 1400 and 1900 concerning economic organization?

    <p>Progression towards capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributed to the dominance of the West in the global economy?

    <p>Development of technological innovations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a city-state from a nation-state?

    <p>City-states consist of a single city that operates independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which context is described as influencing Western geographical traditions in a way related to cultural perspectives?

    <p>Scientific racism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'capitalist mode of production' refer to?

    <p>An economic structure focused on private ownership and profit generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which era is associated with significant technological change impacting Western society?

    <p>Scientific Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of using the Mercator map projection?

    <p>It causes large distortions of area size, especially at high latitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a loxodrome differ from a straight line in navigation?

    <p>It represents a curved path that changes direction continuously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for establishing standard time zones in the 19th century?

    <p>To facilitate faster transportation between settlements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an implication of cartography in human geography?

    <p>It assists in the delineation of borders and understanding boundary conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Greenwich Meridian significant in global time coordination?

    <p>It served as the prime meridian, establishing a mathematical grid for global navigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Tissot's Indicatrix illustrate about the Mercator projection?

    <p>It indicates the distortions and conformity of angles at various latitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change did the introduction of standard time zones create in society?

    <p>It unified timekeeping across different regions globally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the concept of delineation in cartography?

    <p>It means accurately determining where one country's space stops and another begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Big History Timeline

    • Earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago.
    • First evidence of life appeared around 3.6 billion years ago.
    • Primates appeared around 65 million years ago.
    • Hominins diverged from chimpanzees around 7 million years ago.
    • Modern humans (Homo sapiens) emerged approximately 200,000 years ago.
    • If Earth's history were a 24-hour period, primates would appear at 21 minutes to midnight, hominins at 2 minutes before midnight, and homo sapiens 4 seconds before midnight.

    First Migrations: The Peopling of the Planet

    • Peter Bellwood created a map of the first farmers.

    Why Did the Neolithic Revolution Occur When It Did?

    • Neolithic Revolution: Humans transitioned from nomadic food gathering to settled agriculture and animal domestication.
    • Climatic Theories: Warmer and wetter climates after the Ice Age fostered easier plant growth and animal settlement, leading to farming.
    • Human Progress Theories: Humans developed smarter tools and knowledge of plants and animals, enabling more efficient food production.

    Why Did the Neolithic Revolution Occur Where It Did?

    • Five watersheds mark the development of human civilization.
    • First Watershed: The Origins of the Human species
    • Second Watershed: First Migrations and the Peopling of the Planet
    • Third Watershed: Human Culture and the invention of settled agriculture
    • Fourth Watershed: The Rise and Fall of Civilizations
    • Fifth Watershed: The Rise of Western Civilization from the 10th Century BC

    The Early Civilizations, Glyn Daniels Theory (1968)

    • Daniels' theory identifies civilizations characterized by:
      • Agricultural revolution.
      • Town dwelling.
      • Complex social stratification.
      • Development of writing and the alphabet.
      • Complex ceremonial centers.
      • Trading patterns

    Glyn Daniels - The First Six Civilizations (5000YBP to 3200YBP)

    • Daniels identified Sumer, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, China, Mesoamerica, and Peru as the first six civilizations.

    Arnold J. Toynbee's The History of Civilizations

    • Toynbee's A Study of History identified 21 civilizations and 5 failed civilizations.
    • By 1940, 16 civilizations had disappeared.
    • Only five civilizations survived. (Western Christian, Orthodox Christian, Islamic, Hindu, Far Eastern)

    Diamond's Environmental Explanation

    • Jared Diamond theorized that Eurasia's early success in the Neolithic Revolution was due in part to the abundance of domesticable animals, which created conditions favorable for the spread of new infectious diseases (e.g. European spread of disease to colonies).
    • The abundance of domesticable animals in Eurasia provided a breeding ground for infectious diseases, making germs a more effective weapon than guns in the context of European colonization.

    Centralized Political Institutions

    • Agricultural surpluses fostered the growth of larger, more complex societies.
    • A centralized political system emerged where a central governing body exercised control over laws, taxes, and military matters for the entire populace, avoiding the need for multiple localized governing structures.

    Western Culture

    • Questions concerning the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the worldwide rise of capitalism, the origin of nation-states, and the expansion of European empires (often characterized as "rapacious").
    • Nation-state: An independent country with clearly defined boundaries, including its own land, population, and governing structure (e.g., France, Japan).
    • City-state: An independent city that functions as an autonomous political entity (e.g., Singapore, Vatican City).

    Western Geographical Traditions

    • Age of reconnaissance.
    • Scientific revolution and alchemy.
    • The European Enlightenment and the age of reason.
    • Pre-Darwinian expedition tradition
    • Darwinism and the institutional politics of the 19th century.
    • European imperial expansion, colonization, and scientific racism.
    • Shifting understandings of the nature/culture nexus
    • Technological change and the quantitative revolution

    Fallible! The West's Formula Falters

    • The West's formula is faltering due to:
      • Ecocide: Global climate and ecological crises.
      • Populism: Democracy in crisis.
      • Boom and Bust: Global economic crises.
      • White Shift: unresolved identity and inclusion issues.
      • Burnout: Mental health crisis.
      • Technology crises.
      • Inequalities everywhere.

    Four Theories Explaining the Rise, Reign, and Faltering of the West

    • David Harvey proposed four theories explaining the rise, reign, and faltering of the West.

    Locating a Point on the Planet

    • A point can be located by name (toponym), site (physical characteristics), situation (relative location to other places), or by mathematical location (latitude and longitude).

    Cartography and Scale

    • Cartographers decide how much of Earth's surface to display on a map.
    • Scale represents a relationship between a feature's size on a map and its actual size on Earth.
    • Three ways to represent scale are:
      • Written Statement
      • Fraction or Ratio
      • Graphic Bar

    Large and Small Scale Maps

    • Large-scale maps show smaller areas with more details e.g., neighbourhood maps.
    • Small-scale maps show larger areas with fewer details e.g., world maps.

    Elements of a Map (DOGSTAILS)

    • Date
    • Orientation
    • Grid
    • Scale
    • Title
    • Author
    • Inset
    • Legend
    • Source

    History of Cartography

    • Ancient Greeks (Erasothenes, Ptolemy): early calculations and maps.
    • Dark Ages (476-1000): Arab preservation of maps and translations of Ptolemy's works.
    • Middle Ages (500-1500): Religious influences in maps.
    • Islamic Golden Age: Improved mapping accuracy.
    • 15th–19th Centuries: Age of Discovery, expansion of mapmaking with new geographical areas e.g. Americas, Australia, and Antarctica

    Map Projections

    • Maps are two-dimensional representations of a three-dimensional Earth.
    • Projections distort distances, areas, and directions to varying degrees.
    • Types of Projections Include: Mercator, Sinusoidal, Tissot's Indicatrix, Equi-Rectangular, Gall-Peters.

    Mathematical Grid of the Earth

    • Meridians (longitude) are great circles running north-south.
    • Parallels (latitude) are not great circles running east-west.

    Cultural Self-Critiques, Hegemony, of Perspectives

    • Be mindful of authors and cultural frameworks when examining historical geography, as historical events are influenced by cultural, political, and societal viewpoints.

    Cartography, Use, and Implications in Human Geography

    • Cartography (mapmaking) facilitates the depiction of human activities and their relationships to the environment.
    • Map projections, scale, and symbols enable the visual representation of geographical information.
    • Maps can create and reflect social tensions and political conflicts.

    Standard Time Zones and Globalization

    • Time zones were created to coordinate activities across large geographical distances. This was crucial with the expansion of railways and global communication networks.
    • International Date Line: marks the change from one day to the next.
    • The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the (largely unknown) world between Spain and Portugal, creating a lasting impact on global power dynamics and colonialism.

    Spatial Analysis - Terms

    • Distribution analysis investigates variables like density (number of people in an area), concentration (how close together people live), and pattern (how people are arranged in an area). 

    Historical Western Human Geography

    • Historical Western human geography analyzes the rise and reign of the West as a framework and global superpower..

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key theories of civilization as proposed by Glyn Daniels and Arnold J. Toynbee. Explore the elements that signify the development of civilizations, their transformations, and the factors influencing their success or decline. This quiz will cover various aspects of civilization such as food surpluses, centralized political institutions, and the shift from feudalism.

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