Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was one of the primary purposes of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862?
What was one of the primary purposes of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862?
Which Act granted 160 acres of land to farmers who would cultivate it for five years?
Which Act granted 160 acres of land to farmers who would cultivate it for five years?
What funding mechanism was introduced to cover the substantial costs of the Civil War?
What funding mechanism was introduced to cover the substantial costs of the Civil War?
How did the Union primarily raise revenue during the Civil War?
How did the Union primarily raise revenue during the Civil War?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the war on the federal government's finances?
Which of the following was a consequence of the war on the federal government's finances?
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The Morrill Land Grant Act contributed to which area of American society?
The Morrill Land Grant Act contributed to which area of American society?
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What form of currency was issued that could not be redeemed for hard currency during the war?
What form of currency was issued that could not be redeemed for hard currency during the war?
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What was a noted opportunity that arose as a result of the war?
What was a noted opportunity that arose as a result of the war?
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What strategy characterized Sherman's campaign as he moved through the Southern states?
What strategy characterized Sherman's campaign as he moved through the Southern states?
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Who was the Democratic candidate opposing Lincoln in the 1864 election?
Who was the Democratic candidate opposing Lincoln in the 1864 election?
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What percentage of the vote did Lincoln receive in his reelection?
What percentage of the vote did Lincoln receive in his reelection?
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What was the consequence of the Confederate capital falling into Union hands?
What was the consequence of the Confederate capital falling into Union hands?
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What was the location of the formal surrender of General Lee's army?
What was the location of the formal surrender of General Lee's army?
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Who surrendered his troops on April 26, 1865, leading to the end of Confederate resistance?
Who surrendered his troops on April 26, 1865, leading to the end of Confederate resistance?
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Who assassinated President Lincoln?
Who assassinated President Lincoln?
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What major financial issue did the Confederacy face compared to the Union?
What major financial issue did the Confederacy face compared to the Union?
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What consequence did the use of shoddy material in uniforms have on the soldiers?
What consequence did the use of shoddy material in uniforms have on the soldiers?
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What was a significant effect of inflation on the Confederate dollar by the end of the war?
What was a significant effect of inflation on the Confederate dollar by the end of the war?
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What action did Lincoln take regarding civil liberties during the Civil War?
What action did Lincoln take regarding civil liberties during the Civil War?
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Which statement reflects the changes in prices in the South during the Civil War?
Which statement reflects the changes in prices in the South during the Civil War?
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What was the initial goal of the North at the beginning of the Civil War?
What was the initial goal of the North at the beginning of the Civil War?
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Which judicial decision declared the reliance on military courts for trying civilians unconstitutional?
Which judicial decision declared the reliance on military courts for trying civilians unconstitutional?
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What phrase best describes how public confidence in Confederate paper money was affected?
What phrase best describes how public confidence in Confederate paper money was affected?
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How did contractors exploit the situation during the Civil War?
How did contractors exploit the situation during the Civil War?
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What strategy was used by the Confederacy to raise funds during the war?
What strategy was used by the Confederacy to raise funds during the war?
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What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam?
What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam?
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Which general was replaced by Lincoln after the Battle of Antietam?
Which general was replaced by Lincoln after the Battle of Antietam?
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What significant document was issued after the Battle of Antietam?
What significant document was issued after the Battle of Antietam?
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Which battle did General Burnside lose against Lee and Stonewall Jackson?
Which battle did General Burnside lose against Lee and Stonewall Jackson?
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What was General Hooker's strategic advantage at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
What was General Hooker's strategic advantage at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
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What role did Admiral David Farragut play in the Western campaign?
What role did Admiral David Farragut play in the Western campaign?
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Which location did Ulysses S. Grant capture in June 1862?
Which location did Ulysses S. Grant capture in June 1862?
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What event took place just before the siege of Vicksburg?
What event took place just before the siege of Vicksburg?
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Where did the Union army experience greater success compared to the East?
Where did the Union army experience greater success compared to the East?
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Who became bitter political rivals after the Battle of Antietam?
Who became bitter political rivals after the Battle of Antietam?
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What motivated General Lee to move the Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania in June 1863?
What motivated General Lee to move the Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania in June 1863?
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Which battle is regarded as the South's worst defeat in the Civil War?
Which battle is regarded as the South's worst defeat in the Civil War?
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What was the outcome for Pickett's charge during the Battle of Gettysburg?
What was the outcome for Pickett's charge during the Battle of Gettysburg?
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What pivotal event occurred simultaneously with the Confederate surrender at Vicksburg?
What pivotal event occurred simultaneously with the Confederate surrender at Vicksburg?
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What characterizes Ulysses S. Grant’s leadership style during the Civil War?
What characterizes Ulysses S. Grant’s leadership style during the Civil War?
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Which cities were significant in the Union's campaign led by General Sherman?
Which cities were significant in the Union's campaign led by General Sherman?
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What did Grant's forces primarily achieve during the siege of Petersburg?
What did Grant's forces primarily achieve during the siege of Petersburg?
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How did Sherman approach his tactics during the March to the Sea?
How did Sherman approach his tactics during the March to the Sea?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg?
Which of the following was a consequence of the defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg?
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What significant appointment was made in March 1864 regarding Union military leadership?
What significant appointment was made in March 1864 regarding Union military leadership?
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Study Notes
Politics and Economics of the War
- Republican-controlled Congress implemented domestic program
- Pacific Railroad Act (1862) authorized transcontinental railroad line from Omaha and Sacramento
- Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad companies received over 60 million acres of land and $20 million in loans
- Homestead Act (1862) granted 160 acres of land for free to farmers
- Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) provided land to states for establishing agricultural colleges
- Financing the war required higher tariffs, excise taxes, and first federal income tax
- Bureau of Internal Revenue established to collect taxes
- Congress authorized paper money (greenbacks)
Financing the War
- War was expensive for all sides
- Union raised money through higher tariffs, excise taxes on goods, and the first federal income tax
- Bureau of Internal Revenue created to collect taxes
- Congress issued paper money (greenbacks)
- Wartime spending led to a significant increase in national debt (nearly $3 billion by 1865)
War profiteering (Union)
- War created opportunities for businesses to profit
- Awarded millions of dollars in contracts for firearms, uniforms, and military supplies
- Contractors sometimes took advantage of government by using shoddy materials for uniforms.
- Word "shoddy" entered English language meaning poor/cheap quality
War profiteering (Confederacy)
- Confederacy faced worse financial problems than Union due to difficulties with overseas loans and taxes collecting
- Taxes collected in Confederacy were significantly lower than what Union was able to collect.
- Confederate paper money was not declared legal tender, resulting in low public confidence in value
- Inflation became a significant problem in the Confederacy and the value of a Confederate dollar dropped significantly during the war. (to about 1.5 cents in gold by the war's end, compared to roughly 80% inflation in the Union during a similar time period)
Civil Liberties and the War
- Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus, allowing the arrest of suspected Union opponents
- Individuals were arrested without formal charges, and many were detained
- Supreme Court declared the reliance on military courts for trying civilians unconstitutional in Ex parte Milligan (1866)
Balance of Forces
- North's goal was initially the restoration of the Union.
- Lincoln stated no intention to interfere with existing slavery in his inaugural address
- Congress originally stated war was not against the "established institutions" of the southern states
- Purpose of the war transformed to include a crusade against slavery in 1863
- South's primary defense
- North had numerous advantages in resources, population, and industrial capacity
- Despite North's advantages, South was not as weak as it appeared initially
The North's Problems
- Lincoln needed sufficient political mandate (despite winning with only 40% of popular vote)
- Lincoln's party was divided into Moderates and Radicals, with Radicals advocating for immediate emancipation, and trying to interfere with his strategy
- North facing difficulties in dealing with hostile southern civilians and maintaining longer supply lines as they invaded large territory.
- Northern generals lacked daring and innovative strategies in some instances
The South's Advantages
- Smaller, more defensive strategy
- Familiarity with the territory aided their strategy
- Thought they would have greater support from other countries due to reliance on cotton exports
- Experienced military commanders in the Confederacy
Fighting the War
- Initially, expectations were for a short war, with a fast victory.
- The Anaconda Plan: a naval blockade and invasion along the river systems to divide the Confederacy.
- South used a defensive strategy to wear down Union forces
- North faced challenges including large territory and hostile southern civilians
The War in the East
- First major engagement, Battle of Bull Run, resulted in a Union defeat.
- McClellan appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac
- Reorganization and training of Union troops
- Defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville despite McClellan's efforts
- Lee's successful offensive moves into Maryland and Pennsylvania
- Battle of Antietam (indecisive, but significant for allowing Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation)
The War in the West
- Union successes in the West - control of Mississippi River vital
- Grant's strategic victories in the west - Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and Tennessee.
- Naval engagements crucial to controlling the Mississippi River - important for supply lines and movement.
Emancipation
- Initially, Lincoln resisted complete emancipation to maintain border states in the Union
- Contraband policy allowed for the freedom of runaway slaves
- Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862 increasingly eroded slavery
- Lincoln's Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation announced in 1862, targeting Confederate states and areas engaged in rebellion.
Blacks in the Civil War
- Large numbers of African Americans joined Union armies
- Faced summary execution or re-enslavement if captured
- Faced discrimination in terms of pay and treatment
- Significant role in the Union victory, though their efforts were initially overlooked in some respects.
The Election of 1864
- Lincoln faced challenges from Radical Republicans (though he was reelected easily)
- Democrats nominated McClellan on an extreme peace platform
- Lincoln's victory boosted public support for the war
End of the Confederacy
- Lee's forces surrounded, and he surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
- Confederates surrendered their troops to the Union
- President Lincoln assassinated
- Significance of many casualties during the war
- Long-lasting impacts of Civil War in terms of political division, loss of life, and social change.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key events and legislation during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. This quiz covers topics like the Pacific Railroad Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, and the Union's revenue strategies. Perfect for history enthusiasts and students alike.
