Civil Engineering Final Exam Study Notes

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Questions and Answers

What do you call the hard, brittle, and relatively pure rock asphalt found in vertical rock seams?

Mastic asphalt

Gilsonite (correct)

WMA

Bitumen

Which property is the grade of asphalt based on?

Temperature stability

Penetration (correct)

Density

Viscosity

Which of the following is NOT true about blown asphalt?

Manufactured by Blowing Air

Used as Roof Shingles

Used in Expansion and Contraction Joints

Easily melt under the sun (correct)

What is the most expensive layer of asphalt pavement?

Wearing Course Signup and view all the answers

Which of these asphalt mixes is commonly used in pavement construction?

HMAC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of bitumens regarding solubility?

Soluble in gasoline Signup and view all the answers

What does the Marshall Stability test primarily determine?

Flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard specific gravity of fresh cement?

3.15 Signup and view all the answers

Which compound primarily contributes to the strength of cement at an early age?

Tricalcium Silicate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is NOT considered essential for asphalt pavement?

Appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the average diameter of aggregates if the fineness modulus is 2.5?

0.5 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanical property of aggregates?

Specific Gravity Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a set retarder have on a concrete mix?

Delay the Hardening of Concrete Signup and view all the answers

Which admixture is best for producing self-compacting concrete?

Superplasticizer Signup and view all the answers

If the rebar spacing is 1 inch (25.4 mm), what is the best aggregate size (in mm) for economical concrete?

19 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is another term for shotcrete?

Gunite Signup and view all the answers

What type of shrinkage occurs due to water being consumed in hydration?

Autogeneous shrinkage Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used to deposit concrete underwater?

Tremie method Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceptable diameter of a pipe for pumping concrete if the maximum aggregate size is 19 mm?

30 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to the segregation of fresh concrete?

Improper vibration Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'creep' refer to in concrete?

Long-term deformation under sustained load Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used for determining the air content of fresh concrete?

Hydration Method Signup and view all the answers

If the compressive strength (f'c) of concrete is 28 MPa, what is the expected modulus of rupture?

3.28 MPa Signup and view all the answers

What is described as an intelligent guess of the optimum combination of concrete ingredients?

Trial Mix Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of kiln-drying wood?

To remove moisture from the wood Signup and view all the answers

What is heartwood in a log?

The central core that provides mechanical support Signup and view all the answers

What size is plywood typically available in?

4'x8' Signup and view all the answers

What affects the nail-holding power of wood?

Moisture content Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the property that affects a wood's strength and shrinkage?

Moisture content Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cracks in lumber that go all the way through its thickness?

Split Signup and view all the answers

In Visual Stress Grading, what percentage stress grade is commonly used due to difficulties in identifying wood species?

80% stress grade Signup and view all the answers

What does lignin do in wood composition?

Acts as a bonding agent between cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the most popular and commonly used form of masonry unit in the Philippines?

Concrete Hollow Blocks Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about post-tension steel bars and steel reinforcing bars?

Post-tension steel bars are made of high carbon steel. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of geotextiles in construction?

To prevent erosion and perform soil drainage. Signup and view all the answers

Which material is commonly used in making translucent concrete?

Optical Fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of tiles were reported in class as one of the three types?

Ceramic Tiles Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of acoustic lining in construction?

To control noise by absorbing sound energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding glass curtain walls?

They act as structural members. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of construction material is ferrocement primarily composed of?

Mortar and reinforced wire mesh Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for stress that will cause rupture at a given time and temperature, usually at high temperatures?

Stress Rupture Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal element of ferrous metals?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of metal allows it to resist scratches or surface cuts?

Hardness Signup and view all the answers

What is an alloy of iron and carbon?

Steel Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum stress in the stress-strain curve of metal known as?

Ultimate strength Signup and view all the answers

Which impurity is considered the most undesirable in steel?

Phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

The carbon content of this steel is from 0.3% to 0.6%. What is this steel called?

Medium carbon steel Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of furnaces account for virtually all primary steel production?

Basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Final Exam Study Notes

Cement Fineness: Blaine air apparatus measures cement fineness (specific surface area). Ranges from 300 to 500 sq.m./kg.
Fresh Cement Specific Gravity: Standard specific gravity is 3.15.
Cement Specific Gravity Determination: Kerosene is typically used.
Cement Hydration Compounds: Tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite, and tricalcium aluminate contribute significantly to cement hydration.
Early-Age Cement Strength: Tricalcium silicate is primarily responsible for early-age strength.
Cement Hydration Reaction: Cement hydration is an exothermic reaction between cement and water.
Aggregate Fineness Modulus: If fineness modulus is 2.5, the average aggregate diameter is approximately 0.5mm.
Aggregate Effects on Concrete: Aggregates affect concrete in terms of cost, strength, durability, and workability.
High-Strength Concrete Aggregates: Crushed aggregates with cubical shapes are ideal. A hydrocone crusher is used for this purpose.
Economical Aggregate Size: For rebar spacing of 1 inch (25.4 mm), an aggregate size of 12.5 mm often produces the most economical concrete.
Aggregate Mechanical Properties: Toughness, strength, specific gravity, fineness, and bond are key mechanical properties.
Aggregate Water Content & Concrete Mix: Water inside or absorbed by aggregates is not typically included in calculating the water added to the concrete mix. (True)
Set Retarder Effects on Concrete Mix: Set retarders improve concrete workability and delay hardening, and can overcome the accelerating effect of high temperatures on setting.
Admixtures for Structure Setting Time: Accelerators are admixtures used to advance the time a structure can be put in service.
Aluminum Powder Expansion: Adding aluminum powder to concrete significantly increases expansion. (True)
Self-Compacting Concrete Admixture: The best admixture to create self-compacting concrete is not specified.
Shotcrete Alternative: Gunite is another term for shotcrete.
Ready-Mix Concrete Advantages: Ready-mix concrete is suitable for congested sites, provides good quality control, doesn't require curing, and tends to be cheaper.
Autogenous Shrinkage: Autogenous shrinkage is the shrinkage caused by water being used up in hydration.
Concrete Pumping Pipe Diameter: The acceptable pipe diameter for pumping concrete with 19mm maximum aggregate size is 30mm.
Concrete Underwater Deposition Method: Tremie method is used to deposit concrete underwater.
Fresh Concrete Setting Time: Setting time is the property of fresh concrete defining the time required to reach specified resistance to penetration.
Fresh Concrete Segregation Causes: Segregation of fresh concrete can result from improper vibration, gap grading, using river gravel, or incorrect transport methods.
Concrete Shrinkage Causes: Loss of water due to evaporation, loss of water in hydration, heat of hydration and over compaction of concrete can cause shrinkage.
Air Content Determination Methods: Methods for determining air content in fresh concrete include pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric.
Concrete Stress-Strain Curve Elasticity: Concrete's stress-strain curve is considered elastic up to about 50% of the compressive strength (f'c).
Hardened Concrete Mechanical Properties: Compressive strength, Poisson's ratio, density, and modulus of elasticity.
Long-term Concrete Deformation: Long-term deformation due to sustained load is called creep.
Modulus of Rupture for Concrete: With 28 MPa compressive strength (f'c), the modulus of rupture (according to the Code) should be 3.28 MPa.
Concrete Mix Proportioning Guidelines: ACI 211.1 provides guidelines for standard practice.
Aggregate Size Fallacies: Statements about aggregate size in concrete mixes are not given.
Aggregate, Entrained Air and Cement Paste: Larger aggregate size means less cement paste is needed, and more entrained air.
Intelligent Mix Design: Trial Mix and Initial Mix precede a Mix Design for optimized ingredient combinations.
Slow-Curing Cutbacks: This material is diluted with non-volatile oil and used for road dust binder. (True)
Rock Asphalt: Gilsonite is the hard, brittle, and relatively pure rock asphalt in vertical rock seams.
Asphalt Grade Property: Penetration is the basis for asphalt grade determination.
Blown Asphalt: Blown asphalt is used for roofs, expansion joints, and pavement construction. It melts easily under the sun.
Bitumen Solubility: Bitumens are soluble in water because they are hydrocarbons. (False).
Asphalt Composition: Asphalt is a residue of petroleum.
Asphalt Spray Applications: Prime Coat, Tack Coat, Fog Seal, HMAC, and WMA are common asphalt spray applications in pavement construction.
Asphalt Mix Types: HMAC, blown asphalt, WMA, and mastic asphalt are standard mixes used in construction.
Asphalt Concrete Laying Machine: Paver lays and spreads asphalt concrete into a uniform layer.
Asphalt Construction Rolling Tools: Common tools include 3-wheeled rollers, 3-Axle Tandem rollers, tandem steel-wheeled rollers, and pneumatic tired rollers.
Asphalt Layers: Wearing Course is the most expensive layer of an asphalt pavement. Subgrade is the term for the pavement foundation.
Asphalt Mix Design Shape: A standard specimen for mix design is a cube.
Asphalt Properties and Grade: Asphalt grade affects properties like thermal cracking, stripping, skid resistance, and fatigue cracking.
Marshall Stability Test Results: Marshall Stability testing gives information on flow, asphalt grade, asphalt ductility, and stability.
Asphalt Mix Adjustment: With low voids in an asphalt mix, coarse aggregate component adjustment is needed.
Essential Asphalt Pavement Property: Skid resistance is an essential property. Hardness is not.
High Asphalt Content Effects: High asphalt content in concrete mixes can result in phenomena like bleeding, stripping, low durability, and fatigue cracking.
Stress Causing Rupture: Fatigue is the term for stress that causes rupture at a given time and temperature, typically in high temperatures.
Metal Characteristics: Malleability is the ability of metal to change shape.
Modulus of Resilience: The area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve of metal is the modulus of resilience.
Maximum Stress in Metals: Rupture point, yield strength, tensile strength, elastic limit, and ultimate strength are factors in maximum stress in metals.
Metal Impact Resistance: Toughness is the ability of metal to resist impact without permanent deformation.
Ferrous Metal Element: Iron is the principal element in ferrous metals.
Steel Alloy: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
Metal Production Operation: Calcining is a significant metal production process. (Open-pit mining, galvanizing, and pyrometallurgy are also processes).
Metal Scratch Resistance: Hardness is the characteristic that allows metal to resist scratches.
Steel Carbon Content: Low carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, and high carbon steel are steel types categorized by carbon content.
Steel Alloy Construction Use: Steel alloys with increased strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance are usable in construction. (True)
Impurities in Steel: Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, manganese, and carbon are steel impurities.
Steel Impurities: Nickel is one of the beneficial steel impurities in smaller quantities (0.3%-1.0%), while detrimental in larger quantities (1.5% and above).
Steel Grades: The minimum yield strength of a grade 60 steel reinforcing bar is 420 MPa.
Steel Reinforcing Bars (Rebars) Carbon Content: Rebars are made of medium carbon steel, not high carbon steel.
Permeable Soil Layer Materials: Geotextiles provide erosion protection, soil filtration, and drainage in soil layers.
Concrete Material for Preventing Corrosion: Improper use of sulfur-impregnated concrete for corrosive environments is mentioned as a false statement.
Concrete Mix Composition: Optical Fibers are added to concrete mixtures to create translucent concrete.
Glass Curtain Walls & Structural Role: Glass curtain walls are not considered to be structural components, but rather for aesthetics and cladding.
Noise Control Material: Acoustic lining is used for noise control.
Waterproofing Materials: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a waterproofing material.
Construction Materials for Pipes Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is mentioned as construction material.
Construction Composite Materials: Ferrocement is composed of mortar and metal fiber reinforcement.
Most Popular Masonry Unit: Concrete hollow blocks are common in the Philippines.

Wood Study Notes

Plywood Sizes: Standard plywood sizes are often 1.2 m x 2.4 m, 4'x6', 4'x8', and 3'x8'.
Tree Classification: Exogenous trees grow from the center out.
Tree Core: Heartwood is the inactive core of a log.
Board Feet Calculation: 5 pieces of 2"x6"x12' lumber equal approximately 60 board feet.
Wood Bonding Agent: Lignin acts as a bonding agent in wood.
Wood Cracks: Splits are cracks running through the wood's thickness.
Wood Properties and Shrinkage: Wood's grading, density, and moisture content affect strength and shrinkage.
Wood Nail-Holding Power: Wood properties influence its nail-holding power.
Visual Stress Grading: Percentage grades (stress grades) in visual stress grading of lumber are given as 80%, 90%, 50%, and 63%.
Wood Principal Axes: Wood axes include horizontal, vertical, tangential, longitudinal, circumferential, and radial.

Other Study Notes

Construction Materials: Paint, fiber cement boards, and other materials such as latex and enamels are mentioned.
Steel Deck Ribs: Steel decks have parallel ribs, formed by cold-forming structural grade steel sheets.
Concrete Mix Yield: A given mix design has specific dry and wet weights for cement, water, gravel, and sand. Yield values are given for a 20-liter batch and a 1 cu. m. batch for different materials. Density has to be factored.

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Description

Prepare for your Civil Engineering final exam with this comprehensive set of study notes. Covering essential topics like cement fineness, specific gravity, hydration compounds, and the effects of aggregates on concrete, these notes are designed to enhance your understanding and performance in the exam. Make sure you review these core concepts to boost your confidence and knowledge.