Civil Engineering Exam Overview

An online exam that covers mathematics, physics, chemistry, and civil engineering, with a total of 200 marks and a duration of 180 minutes.

The subject area within the exam that focuses on fundamental mathematical concepts and problem-solving.

A portion within the overall exam that contains a specific set of questions, contributing to the total exam score.

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A component of the exam that requires the student to select and answer a predetermined number of questions.

The total score possible for a specific section of the exam, contributing to the overall exam score.

A numerical value assigned to each question within a section, indicating the weight of the question in the overall section score.

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The maximum area of tension reinforcement in a beam is limited to 0.4bd, where 'b' is the width of the beam and 'd' is the effective depth of the beam.

In accordance with IS:456-2000, the maximum compressive strain in concrete under axial compression is 0.0035.

A compression member is classified as a long column when the ratio of its effective length (Le) to its least lateral dimension (D) exceeds a certain limit.

For a compression member fixed at both ends but free to rotate, the recommended effective length (Le) is 1.0 times the actual length (L).

In designing a footing, the critical section for checking one-way shear is located at a distance 'd' from the face of the column.

According to IS:456-2000, the minimum percentage of reinforcement provided in a footing should be 0.15% of the concrete volume.

In the working stress method of design, the modular ratio for M30 grade concrete is 13.

The permissible tensile stress for HYSD bars of Fe 415 grade in the working stress method is 230 N/mm².

The pH of a 10^-3 M HCl solution is 3. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale, meaning that each unit change in pH represents a tenfold change in acidity. Therefore, a solution with a pH of 3 is 1000 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6. The pH of a solution can be calculated using the following equation: pH = -log[H+]

Brass is an alloy typically made from copper and zinc. The zinc is added to increase the hardness of the copper, making it more durable. The proportions of copper and zinc within the brass will range depending on the desired properties of the alloy. The ratio of copper to zinc in brass dictates its melting point, strength, and malleability, resulting in a range of alloys with specific applications.

The EMF of the cell Pt, H2(g) | Hcl (sol) || AgCl (s) |Ag(s) is equal to the standard reduction potential of the silver chloride electrode (E°AgCl/Ag = +0.222V). This is because the hydrogen electrode serves as a standard reference electrode with a potential of 0V. The EMF of a cell is calculated by subtracting the standard reduction potential of the anode from the standard reduction potential of the cathode. In this case, the anode is the hydrogen electrode (0V) and the cathode is the silver chloride electrode (+0.222V). Therefore, the EMF of the cell is +0.222V.

The standard reduction potential of zinc is -0.76 V. This means that zinc is a good reducing agent and will readily lose electrons to form Zn2+ ions. The standard reduction potential of an element is a measure of its tendency to gain electrons and be reduced. A negative value indicates that the element is a good reducing agent.

Rust formation on iron is a prime example of corrosion. Corrosion is the gradual deterioration of a material due to its interaction with the environment. In the case of iron, rust forms when iron atoms react with oxygen and water in the presence of an electrolyte. This process results in the formation of iron oxide (Fe2O3), which is a reddish-brown flaky substance known as rust. This corrosion weakens the iron material and can cause structural damage. The process is accelerated in the presence of moisture, salt, and acidic environments.

The impressed voltage method is a technique used to protect metal structures from corrosion. It involves applying a direct current (DC) to the metal structure, making it the cathode. This forces the metal to be the site of reduction, preventing it from being oxidized. This technique effectively changes the direction of the natural corrosion current, preventing the metal from corroding. It requires a power source and electrodes to apply the current. It effectively forces a current flow that counteracts the natural corrosion process.

The temporary hardness of water is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates (Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2). These bicarbonates are removed by boiling the water, leading to the formation of insoluble carbonates. When the water is boiled, the bicarbonates decompose to form insoluble carbonates that precipitate out, leaving behind water that is softer. The chemical equations for this process are as follows: Ca(HCO3)2(aq) -> CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g), Mg(HCO3)2(aq) -> MgCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

The hardness of water is expressed in various units, including ppm (parts per million) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). One degree French (1°f) equals 10 ppm of CaCO3, and one degree Clark (1°c) equals 14.25 ppm of CaCO3. Therefore, if a sample of water has a hardness of 250 ppm, it is equivalent to 250/10 = 25°f or 250/14.25 = 17.5°c. Converting between the different units is essential for understanding the level of hardness in water, as these units are frequently used in various water quality parameters.