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Questions and Answers
What is gluconeogenesis?
Which molecule combines with a four-carbon chain called oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle?
What type of reaction is the link reaction?
What is generated in Step 3 of the TCA cycle?
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Which enzyme is involved in step 5 of the TCA cycle?
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What is regenerated in step 6 of the TCA cycle?
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Which molecule is involved in the preparation step of the citric acid cycle?
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Which of the following is a product of the citric acid cycle?
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What happens in step 8 of the TCA cycle?
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Which term describes the removal of electrons from carbon?
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Study Notes
Citric Acid Cycle
- Gluconeogenesis is the process of generating glucose from pyruvate.
- Glycogen synthesis is the process of generating glycogen.
- Citric acid cycle generates 150 kJ/mole of ATP, which can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen.
Preparation Step (Step 0)
- Breaks down a 3-carbon chain, releasing 1 molecule of carbon dioxide, to generate a 2-carbon chain that enters the cycle.
- The 2-carbon chain combines with a 4-carbon chain called oxaloacetate to form citric acid, creating a 6-carbon molecule.
TCA Cycle: 8 Steps + Preparation
- Step 1: Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and generating NADH.
- Step 2: Citrate is formed from Acetyl-CoA.
- Step 3: Isocitrate is formed, generating NADH.
- Step 4: α-Ketoglutarate is formed, releasing CO₂ and generating NADH.
- Step 5: GTP is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation, converting GDP + Pi to GTP.
- Step 6: The enzyme oxidoreductase generates more NADH and FADH2.
- Step 7: Involves a redox reaction and a ligase reaction, making or breaking double carbon bonds.
- Step 8: Oxaloacetate is regenerated, completing the cycle.
Key Molecules and Processes
- NADH and FADH2 are generated in the citric acid cycle, which will be used to generate more ATP later.
- Redox reactions, such as oxidative decarboxylation, occur throughout the cycle.
- The citric acid cycle is a critical step in cellular respiration, breaking down carbon chains and generating energy.
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Description
Learn about the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenisis, and cellular respiration processes, including the breakdown of molecules and ATP energy production.
