Citation Formats and Their Importance

Citation and Citation Formats

• Citation is showing the source of information.
• Information can be direct quotes, statistics, ideas, opinions, or illustrations.

Why Cite Work?

• Acknowledge the contributions of other authors.
• Guide the reader to the sources.
• Evaluate the quality of the sources.
• Locate more information if needed.

APA Citation Format

• Book: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Subtitle if any. Publisher. DOI or URL (if applicable).

  • Example: Smith, J. A. (2020). Understanding human behavior: A guide to psychology. Psychology Press.

• Journal Article: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.XXXXXXXXXX

  • Example: Johnson, L. M., & Green, R. S. (2022). The impact of social media on mental health. Journal of Psychology Research, 15(3), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1234/psychres.2022.045

Chicago Style (Footnotes)

• Book: Footnote: John Smith, The History of Psychology (New York: Academic Press, 2020), 45. Bibliography: Smith, John. The History of Psychology. New York: Academic Press, 2020.

• Journal Article: Footnote: Jane Doe, "Social Media and Mental Health," Journal of Psychology Research 15, no. 3 (2022): 50-60, https://doi.org/10.1234/psychres.2022.045. Bibliography: Doe, Jane. "Social Media and Mental Health." Journal of Psychology Research 15, no. 3 (2022): 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1234/psychres.2022.045.

MLA Citation Format

• Book: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.

  • Example: Smith, John. The Art of Writing. Penguin, 2020.

• Journal Article: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal, vol. #, no. #, Year, pp. #-#. DOI or URL (if available).

  • Example: Brown, Lisa. "Exploring Literary Themes in Modern Fiction." Journal of Literature Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2021, pp. 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1234/jls.2021.003.

• Magazine Article: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Title of the Magazine, Day Month Year, pp. #-#.

  • Example:Johnson, Amy. "The Rise of Digital Publishing." Writers' Digest, 10 May 2022, pp. 30-35.

• Website: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Web Page." Website Name, Publisher (if different from website name), Day Month Year, URL.

  • Example: Taylor, Mark. "Understanding Shakespearean Drama." Literary Analysis Online, 5 Feb. 2023, www.literaryanalysisonline.com/shakespeare-drama.

• Chapter in an Edited Book: Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Chapter." Title of the Book, edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, pp. #-#.

  • Example: Miller, Susan. "The Role of Women in 19th Century Literature." Perspectives on Gender Studies, edited by Jane Roberts, Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 112-130.

• E-book: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of the E-Book. Publisher, Year. e-book platform.

  • Example: Wilson, Rebecca. Digital Storytelling for Beginners. HarperCollins, 2022. Kindle Edition.

References

• A list of all sources used.
• Including cited and uncited sources.

Appendices

• Supporting materials used in the work.
• Including letters, data, figures, diagrams, computer programs, etc.

Information Sources and Access

• Library catalog (OPAC): Online Public Access Catalog.
• Databases: ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Agora.
• Web indexes/search engines: Yahoo Directory, DMOZ.
• Specialized indexes: PubMed (biomedical literature)
• E-commerce indexes: Amazon (product listings)
• Academic indexes: Google Scholar.

Plagiarism

• The act of using someone else's work, ideas, or words without proper acknowledgment.
• Types of plagiarism: Direct, Self, Paraphrasing, Mosaic, Accidental, Source-based.
• Academic plagiarism: Copying internet content, using published research without citation, paraphrasing without citing a source, copying other student's work.
• Consequences of plagiarism include failing grades, degree revocation, reputational damage, legal actions.

Prevention of Plagiarism

• Cite sources properly.
• Use plagiarism checkers (Turnitin, Grammarly, Copyscape).
• Paraphrase correctly (understand source well).
• Develop original ideas.
• Learn citation techniques.