Circulatory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What part of the heart first receives freshly oxygenated blood?

  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Left atrium (correct)
  • Aorta
  • Right ventricle

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than those of the right ventricle?

  • It pumps blood at a lower pressure.
  • It receives only deoxygenated blood.
  • It pumps blood towards the entire body. (correct)
  • It has to pump blood to the lungs.

Which circulation is characterized as short and low-pressure?

  • Systemic circulation
  • Coronary circulation
  • Pulmonary circulation (correct)
  • Systemic venous return

What is the main functional blood supply to the heart muscle delivered during relaxation?

<p>Coronary arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a blockage in a coronary artery that leads to tissue death?

<p>Myocardial infarction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

<p>Coronary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of a blood vessel is made up of smooth muscle?

<p>Tunica media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major classes of blood vessels in the body?

<p>Arteries, capillaries, and veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tunica externa in blood vessels?

<p>To anchor the blood vessel to an organ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the vasa vasorum supply to the cells of blood vessel walls?

<p>Oxygen and nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes elastic arteries?

<p>They are primarily found near the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes muscular arteries in relation to elastic fibers?

<p>They contain two concentric rings of elastic fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sympathetic innervation affect the tunica media?

<p>It induces vasoconstriction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of arterioles in comparison to muscular arteries?

<p>They have less than six cell layers of smooth muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the tunica media is true?

<p>It contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does parasympathetic innervation play concerning blood vessels?

<p>It promotes vasodilation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the chordae tendineae play in the heart?

<p>They prevent the valves from flipping backward. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the semilunar valves located?

<p>Between the ventricles and major arteries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from valves not closing tightly?

<p>Incompetent valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism prevents backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction?

<p>Chordae tendineae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the atrioventricular valves?

<p>Controlling blood flow between atria and ventricles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural characteristic of capillaries?

<p>Their walls consist only of tunica intima. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a result of valvular stenosis?

<p>Valves become hardened and restrict flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary is most common in the body?

<p>Continuous capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the precapillary sphincters?

<p>To control blood flow entering the capillary bed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of the aortic semilunar valve?

<p>It allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary contains pores for fluid exchange?

<p>Fenestrated capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a metarteriole responsible for?

<p>Connecting arterioles to capillary beds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows erythrocytes to travel through capillaries?

<p>Their smaller size relative to the capillary lumen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capillary has the ability to transport large molecules?

<p>Sinusoidal capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thoroughfare channels in the vascular system?

<p>They connect metarterioles to venules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

<p>Cleansing lymph and activating lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic duct drains the right upper limb and right side of the head?

<p>Right lymphatic duct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily found in lymphoid organs?

<p>Reticular connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the maturation of T-cells primarily occur?

<p>Thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds lymph nodes to provide structural support?

<p>Fibrous capsule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lacteals specialized for in the lymphatic system?

<p>Absorption of fat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the lymph node contains the majority of lymphocytes?

<p>Cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen?

<p>Engulf old red blood cells and pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MALT stand for and what is its primary purpose?

<p>Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue; protects against mucosal pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for T and B cell maturation?

<p>Thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins?

<p>Return blood to the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes venules?

<p>Smallest veins that form veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in veins helps prevent the pooling of blood?

<p>Valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries branch off from the ascending aorta?

<p>Brachiocephalic trunk, Common carotid, and Subclavian arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inferior vena cava?

<p>Bringing deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain blood from the head back toward the heart?

<p>Internal and External jugular veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly traces blood flow from the heart to the hand?

<p>Aorta → Subclavian → Axillary → Brachial → Radial/Ulnar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with the common iliac artery?

<p>Supplies blood to the lower limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Posterior Interventricular Sulcus

A groove on the surface of the heart that separates the right and left ventricles.

Heart Valves

Structures that ensure blood flows in one direction through the heart by opening and closing in response to pressure changes.

Why are there no valves between major veins and atria?

The force of incoming blood and heart contractions prevent backflow from major veins into atria.

Atrioventricular Valves

Valves located between the atria and ventricles, preventing backflow into the atria.

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Semilunar Valves

Valves located between ventricles and major arteries, preventing backflow into the ventricles.

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Chordae Tendineae

Tiny, tough cords that attach to the AV valve flaps and prevent them from flipping back into the atria during ventricular contraction.

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Papillary Muscles

Muscles attached to the chordae tendineae, helping to control the opening and closing of the AV valves.

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Incompetent Valve

A valve that does not close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward. This leads to inefficient blood flow and can cause heart strain.

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Tunica Externa

The outermost layer of larger blood vessels, composed of connective tissue. It anchors the blood vessel to surrounding organs.

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Vasa Vasorum

Tiny blood vessels found within the tunica externa of larger vessels. They provide oxygen and nutrients to the blood vessel walls.

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Elastic Arteries

The largest type of artery, located near the heart. These arteries have a high elastin content, allowing them to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat.

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Muscular Arteries

Medium-sized arteries with a thicker tunica media compared to elastic arteries. They have more smooth muscle for regulating blood flow.

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Arterioles

The smallest type of artery, with a thin wall and a limited number of muscle layers. They regulate blood flow at the capillary level.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica media.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels due to the relaxation of smooth muscle in the tunica media.

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Sympathetic Innervation to Tunica Media

Sympathetic nerve signals that cause the smooth muscle in the tunica media to contract, narrowing the blood vessel and increasing blood pressure.

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What is the primary function of the heart?

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, acting as a central pump within the circulatory system.

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Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right?

The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the entire body, requiring greater force than the right ventricle. This difference in pressure is necessary to overcome the resistance of the systemic circulation.

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What are the two parts of the serous pericardium?

The serous pericardium is a two-layered structure. The parietal pericardium lines the outer layer of the pericardial sac, while the visceral pericardium (also known as the epicardium) forms the outer layer of the heart wall.

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Where is deoxygenated blood received? Where is freshly oxygenated blood first received by the heart?

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, bringing it back from the systemic circulation. Oxygenated blood, first received by the left atrium, comes directly from the lungs.

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What are the names and locations of the 4 heart valves?

The four valves of the heart are crucial for regulating blood flow. The tricuspid valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle. The pulmonary semilunar valve sits at the exit of the right ventricle. The mitral (bicuspid) valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Finally, the aortic semilunar valve is found at the exit of the left ventricle.

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The three classes of blood vessels

The three classes of blood vessels involved in the circulatory system are arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases and other substances between blood and tissues. Veins transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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The great vessels

The great vessels are the large arteries and veins directly connected to the heart. They carry blood to and from the heart, facilitating the distribution of oxygenated blood to the body and the return of deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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What are the three layers of a typical blood vessel?

The Tunica intima, the innermost layer, includes the endothelium, which lines the lumen. The Tunica media, the middle layer, is composed of smooth muscle. The Tunica externa, the outermost layer, provides support and anchors the vessel to surrounding tissues.

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Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels, with a diameter so small that erythrocytes must travel in single file.

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Tunica Intima

The only layer of a capillary wall, composed of a single layer of endothelium.

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Metabolic Exchange

The exchange of nutrients, waste products, gases, and fluids between the blood and surrounding tissues.

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Metarteriole

A vessel connecting an arteriole to a capillary bed, acting as a gateway for blood flow into the capillaries.

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Thoroughfare Channel

A direct connection between a metarteriole and a venule, bypassing the capillary bed.

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Precapillary Sphincter

A ring of smooth muscle around the entrance of each true capillary, controlling blood flow into the capillary bed.

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Continuous Capillary

The most common type of capillary, with a complete lining of endothelial cells.

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Fenestrated Capillary

Capillaries with pores in their lining, allowing for the passage of fluids and small molecules.

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Venules

The smallest veins in the body; they connect capillaries to larger veins.

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Femoral and Great Saphenous Veins

Veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs to the inferior vena cava.

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Aorta

The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body.

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Superior Vena Cava

A large vein that collects blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest; drains into the right atrium of the heart.

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Brachial Artery

The artery supplying blood to the upper arm.

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Inferior Vena Cava

The large vein that collects blood from the lower body and drains into the right atrium of the heart.

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Common Iliac Artery

The main artery supplying blood to the lower limbs; branches off from the abdominal aorta.

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Radial Artery

The largest artery in the forearm that supplies blood to the hand.

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Lymphatic system

A network of vessels responsible for the return of fluid leaked from blood vessels to the circulatory system, including fluid, lymph nodes, and other tissues.

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Lymphatic capillaries

Highly permeable, blind-ended lymphatic vessels that weave between blood capillaries and tissue cells, collecting excess fluid and cellular debris.

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Lacteals

Specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the intestine, responsible for absorbing dietary fat.

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Primary lymphoid organs

Lymphoid organs where lymphocytes mature and become capable of recognizing and attacking specific pathogens.

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Secondary lymphoid organs

Lymphoid organs where mature lymphocytes become activated by antigens and mount an immune response.

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Spleen

The largest lymphoid organ responsible for filtering blood, storing lymphocytes, and destroying old red blood cells.

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Lymph nodes

Small, bean-shaped organs located throughout the body, responsible for filtering lymph fluid and activating lymphocytes.

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Thymus

A bi-lobed organ located in the chest responsible for the maturation of T-cells, essential for immune system function.

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MALT

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a network of lymphatic tissue located throughout the mucosal surfaces of the body, protecting against pathogens entering through those entry points.

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Pathway of lymphatic flow from tissue to heart

The pathway of lymphatic flow begins in lymphatic capillaries, drains into collecting lymphatic vessels, then larger lymphatic trunks, and finally into one of two lymphatic ducts: the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct, which empty into major veins near the heart.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems (Circulation)

  • The cardiovascular system transports blood throughout the body.
  • Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.
  • The heart pumps blood through a network of blood vessels, approximately 100,000 km long.
  • The heart is about the size of a fist.
  • The right side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues and pumps it to the lungs.
  • The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to body tissues.
  • The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs.
  • The systemic circuit carries blood to body tissues.
  • The heart has four chambers: two atria (receiving chambers) and two ventricles (pumping chambers).
  • The right atrium receives blood returning from the systemic circuit.
  • The left atrium receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit.
  • The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit.
  • The left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit.
  • The heart is located in the mediastinum, deep to the sternum, and left of midline.
  • The base of the heart rests on the superior border.
  • The apex (tip of the left ventricle) rests on the inferior border.
  • The heart is enclosed by the pericardium, which restricts movement. The pericardium has two parts: fibrous and serous (parietal and visceral).
  • Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow. There are two types: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SL) valves.
  • The atrioventricular valves are located between the atria and ventricles (tricuspid on the right, mitral/bicuspid on the left).
  • The semilunar valves are located between ventricles and major arteries (pulmonary and aortic).
  • Heart valve disorders include incompetent valves (do not close tightly) and stenosis (valves become hardened).
  • Defective valves can be replaced with mechanical, animal or cadaver valves.
  • The cardiac cycle consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
  • The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava, pumps it to the lungs, and then it returns to the left side as oxygenated blood.
  • The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the body to deliver oxygen.
  • The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle itself.

Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system returns fluid lost from blood vessels to the circulatory system.
  • This fluid is called lymph (about 3 liters per day).
  • Lymphatic vessels form a network throughout the body, collecting lymph.
  • Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph.
  • The lymphatic system contains immune cells. Organs such as the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymphoid tissues are associated with the lymphatic system.
  • The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels, capillaries, trunks and two main ducts (right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct).
  • Lymphatic capillaries are highly permeable and weave between blood capillaries and tissue cells. The capillaries are absent in bone and teeth. Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the intestine are called lacteals, and help absorb fat.
  • Lymph nodes are located throughout the body, are clustered in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions, and are crucial in cleansing lymph and activating lymphocytes. Lymph flows through the lymph node by afferent vessels and exits through efferent vessels.
  • The thymus and bone marrow are primary lymphoid organs (sites of lymphocyte maturation).
  • The spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are secondary lymphoid organs.
  • MALT is a component of the lymphatic system found all over the body, and plays a vital role in protecting the body from pathogens that enter via the mucosal surfaces (like in the digestive system and respiratory system).

Blood Vessels

  • The three classes of blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
  • Veins return blood to the heart.
  • Capillaries are the site of exchange between blood and tissues. They are the smallest blood vessels.
  • The three layers of blood vessels, in general, are the tunica intima, tunica media (smooth muscle layer), and tunica externa (connective tissue layer.
  • Elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles are all types of arteries and they are distinguished by their thickness, size and the degree and number of smooth muscle cells. Arteries have thicker tunica media, especially muscular arteries.
  • Veins and venules have thinner tunica media, and often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Venules have thinner walls with a decreased number of smooth muscle cells.
  • The structure and function of each type of capillary (continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal) varies to allow for different transport levels in specific tissues.

Major Arteries and Veins

  • Major arteries of the upper trunk and head include the aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid, and subclavian arteries.
  • Major arteries of the upper limb include subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries.
  • Major arteries of the lower trunk and limbs include the abdominal aorta, common iliac, external iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries (as well as their branches).
  • Major veins of the upper trunk and head include the internal and external jugular veins and subclavian veins (as well as their branches).
  • Major veins of the lower trunk and limbs include the great saphenous vein, femoral vein, common iliac vein, and inferior vena cava.

Review Questions/Additional Notes

  • The left ventricle has a substantially thicker wall because it pumps blood to the entire body, and therefore, requires greater pressure.

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Test your knowledge about the human circulatory system with this quiz. Explore questions regarding the heart's structure, function, and the various types of blood vessels. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology.

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