Cardiac Physiology: Circulatory System and Heart Anatomy

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the cardiovascular system?

Which of the following is a key difference between the systemic and pulmonary circulations?

If a patient's heart is located more towards the right side of their midline than normal, which condition might they have?

What is the functional significance of the left ventricle having a thicker myocardial wall compared to the right ventricle?

Which chambers of the heart receive blood from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins, respectively?

What would be the immediate consequence of damage to the chordae tendineae?

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the layers of the pericardium, from the outermost to the innermost layer?

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart's contractile function?

Which vessel is NOT one of the three major branches arising directly from the ascending aorta?

After a blood clot forms in the left circumflex artery, which region of the heart is most likely to experience ischemia first?

During ventricular contraction, which of the following coronary arteries primarily receives blood flow?

What is the primary consequence of myocardial ischemia on cardiac muscle contraction?

What is the functional significance of cardiac muscle being 'self-excitable' or displaying 'automaticity'?

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the heart's electrical conduction system?

What is the key function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the cardiac conduction system?

In the cardiac conduction system, what role do the Purkinje fibers play?

In a healthy heart, what is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the SA node?

What does the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?

What does the QRS complex in an ECG primarily indicate?

What cardiac event does the T wave in an ECG represent?

What does the ST segment of an ECG represent?

Which of the following best describes the normal sequence of events in the spread of a cardiac impulse?

What is indicated by a prolonged Q-T interval on an ECG?

Under normal conditions, what range of heart rate would be considered normal sinus rhythm?

In the context of ECG interpretation, what does the term 'sinus arrhythmia' refer to?

What ECG finding is most indicative of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)?

Which of the following is true about a cardiac muscle?

The heart is composed of how many chambers?

Which ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery?

Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta?

Atria are the __________ chambers of the heart.

Ventricles are the __________ chambers of the heart.

Electrical conduction system of the heart is regulated by...

When interpreting the ECG , what are you interpreting?

If a patient has a slight irregularity in heart rhythm that is still initiated by the SA node, what is this typically classified as?

The heart can be regulated externally by what?

The heart can be inhibited by what?

The heart can be stimulated by what?

Select the correct description of what The electrocardiogram (ECG) is.

A patient is diagnosed with a heart condition causing a decrease in the elasticity of the arterial walls. How would this most directly impact the systemic circulation?

If a thrombus (blood clot) formed in the anterior cardiac vein, which area of the heart would be most immediately affected due to impaired drainage?

A doctor observes that a patient's atrioventricular node is only able to transmit action potentials at half its normal rate. What effect would this have on the ECG?

During a period of intense exercise, the sympathetic nervous system's influence on the heart would result in which of the following changes to the cardiac cycle?

If a patient's ECG shows a heart rate of 110 beats per minute with normal P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves, but the R-R intervals are noticeably irregular, which condition is most likely?

The ______ system can be anatomically subdivided into the heart and the blood vessels.

The heart's main function is to pump oxygenated blood into systemic circulation and deoxygenated blood into ______ circulation.

The ______ circulation involves vessels carrying blood between the heart and the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated.

______ circulation involves vessels carrying blood between the heart and other body systems, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

The heart is located anterior to the vertebral column and ______ to the sternum.

The heart is composed of ______ chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

The ______ ventricular wall is thicker than that of the right ventricle because it needs to pump blood into the systemic circulation.

______ are the receiving chambers of the heart.

______ are the discharging chambers of the heart.

Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior ______.

Blood enters the left atrium from the ______ veins.

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the ______ artery.

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the ______.

The ______ is a double-walled sac around the heart, composed of a fibrous pericardium and a serous pericardium.

The ______ is the cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart.

The ______ is the endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface.

The ______ is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.

The superior and inferior ______ return blood to the heart.

The ascending aorta branches into the brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, and left ______ arteries.

The right and left ______ veins return blood to the heart from the lungs.

The heart's arteries include the right and left ______ arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

The great ______ vein, along with the small and anterior cardiac veins, helps drain blood from the heart.

______ veins run alongside the coronary arteries and collect deoxygenated blood.

Interruption of blood flow for only a few seconds damages the ______.

Heart muscle is stimulated by nerves and is ______ (automaticity).

______ cells differentiate from other cardiomyocytes to have this specialist function in the heart.

The cardiac action potential includes rapid depolarization due to Na+ inflow, a plateau due to Ca2+ inflow and K+ outflow, and ______ due to closure of Ca2+ channels and K+ outflow.

The heart has a natural pacemaker from where action potentials originate: the ______ node, also known as the natural pacemaker.

The action potential is delayed at the ______ node, allowing the atria to be excited before the ventricles.

The sympathetic cardioacceleratory center ______ the heart rate by increasing SA node firing.

The parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center ______ the heart rate by decreasing SA node firing.

The ______ is a body surface recording of the overall cardiac electrical activity with time.

In an ECG reading, each ______ complex is preceded by a P wave if the heart is in normal sinus rhythm.

In an ECG reading, a regular ______ interval is indicative of normal sinus rhythm.

The impulse originates at the sino-atrial node and invades the ______, triggering atrial depolarization detectable on ECG.

The impulse is delayed at the atrio-______ node (AVN) before spreading down the bundle of His.

Atrial ______ generates a P wave on the ECG.

Ventricles ______ generates a QRS complex on the ECG.

Ventricles uniformly depolarised generate a ______ segment on the ECG.

Ventricles repolarise, generating a ______ wave on the ECG.

The heart's main function is to pump oxygenated blood into ______ circulation (to all body organs) and deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation (to the lungs).

Blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior ______, and it enters the left atrium from pulmonary veins.

The heart is composed of four chambers: two atria, the left (LA) and right (RA), and two ventricles, the left (LV) and right ______.

The ______ are present to aid unidirectional flow of blood.

On an ECG, atrial depolarisation generates a ______ wave.