24 Questions
What is the primary function of the myocardium layer of the heart wall?
To contract and pump blood
Which stage of erythrocyte development is characterized by the loss of the nucleus?
Normoblast
What is the primary laboratory procedure used to measure hemoglobin levels in the blood?
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen to the body's tissues
Which of the following is NOT a type of blood cell disorder?
Cardiovascular disease
What is the term for the formation of red blood cells?
Erythropoiesis
What is the term for the study of blood and blood-forming organs?
Hematology
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
To carry oxygen to the body's tissues
What is a characteristic of anemia?
A decrease in hemoglobin levels
What is the cause of iron deficiency anemia?
Not enough dietary iron
What is the effect of high altitude on hemoglobin levels?
An increase in hemoglobin levels
What is the name of the genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells?
Sickle cell anemia
What is the result of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
The immune system destroys red blood cells faster than the body can replace them
What is the name of the condition where the bone marrow stops making new blood cells?
Aplastic anemia
What is the result of a decrease in hemoglobin levels after the age of 50?
Anemia
What is the term for the condition where there is an increase in hemoglobin levels?
Polycythemia
What is the fate of old or damaged RBCs?
They are removed and their components are reused
What is the function of the heme portion in hemoglobin?
To combine with globin to form an activated form of Hb
What is the result of the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBCs?
Bilirubin is produced and removed through the kidneys and intestines
What is the role of globin in hemoglobin?
To combine with heme to form an activated form of Hb
What is the by-product of RBC destruction that is removed through the kidneys and intestines?
Bilirubin
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
A combination of four polypeptide chains and a globin moiety
What is the purpose of extravascular metabolism?
To recycle components of old RBCs
What is the function of the kidneys in RBC destruction?
To remove bilirubin from the body
Study Notes
Heart Anatomy
- The heart wall consists of three layers: pericardium, endocardium, and myocardium.
Circulation of Blood through the Heart
- Deoxygenated blood enters the heart, and oxygenated blood leaves the heart.
RBC Destruction and By-products
- Old or damaged RBCs are broken down into globin chains, heme, and iron.
- Globin chains and iron are reused to produce new RBCs.
- Heme is converted to bilirubin, which is removed from the body through the kidneys and intestines/bowels.
Erythrocytes - Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein in RBCs that transports oxygen.
- Hb consists of a heme (iron-containing) portion and a globin (protein) portion.
- Each Hb molecule has four heme groups and a globin moiety composed of four polypeptide chains.
Erythrocytes - Hemoglobin Values
- Normal hemoglobin concentration values vary with age and gender.
- Hemoglobin levels may be higher at high altitudes than at sea level.
- Hemoglobin levels may decrease slightly after 50 years of age.
- Anemia occurs when the hemoglobin level is below normal.
- Polycythemia and newborns may have increased hemoglobin levels.
Basic RBC Diseases/Disorders
- Anemias:
- Iron Deficiency anemia: not enough dietary iron.
- Pernicious anemia: autoimmune condition where the body cannot absorb vitamin B12.
- Aplastic anemia: bone marrow stops making new blood cells.
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA): immune system destroys RBCs faster than the body can replace them.
- Sickle cell anemia: genetic mutation leaving RBCs rigid and curved, unable to carry enough O2 to tissues.
Review of anatomy and physiology of blood and the circulatory system, covering A&P of blood and blood vessels. This quiz is part of the Medical Laboratory Assistant/Technician Program.
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