Circulatory System: Components and Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes why larger organisms require a circulatory system?

  • They have a specialized respiratory system that handles all transport needs.
  • Their surface area to volume ratio is high, resulting in efficient nutrient and waste exchange.
  • They do not require a circulatory system, as their metabolic needs are lower than smaller organisms.
  • Their surface area to volume ratio is low, resulting in inefficient nutrient and waste exchange through diffusion alone. (correct)

If the liver is responsible for producing urea, which of the following pathways represents the correct route of urea transport for excretion?

  • Liver → Kidneys (correct)
  • Liver → Gut → Lungs
  • Liver → Kidneys → Gut
  • Liver → Lungs → Kidneys

Consider a scenario where a patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance. Which component of the circulatory system would be primarily responsible for transporting hormones to target cells?

  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells
  • Blood plasma (correct)
  • White blood cells

Imagine a drug designed to increase oxygen delivery to muscles. Which of the following mechanisms would be the MOST effective target?

<p>Enhancing the ability of red blood cells to bind and carry oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During strenuous exercise, muscle cells produce more carbon dioxide. What change in blood flow would facilitate the removal of this excess carbon dioxide?

<p>Increased blood flow to the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A medication is designed to reduce the amount of urea in the blood. Which organ's function would the medication MOST likely support?

<p>The kidneys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating a new hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. To understand its effects, they need to track its movement through the body. Which of the following components of the circulatory system would be MOST crucial for this hormone's distribution?

<p>Blood Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a respiratory disease that impairs gas exchange in the lungs, which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to occur?

<p>Decreased oxygen delivery to body tissues and increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a double circulatory system, what is the primary role of the pulmonary circulation?

<p>Transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the systole phase of the heartbeat, what key event occurs?

<p>The ventricles contract to pump blood to the lungs and body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of blood flow in systemic circulation?

<p>Heart → Body → Heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with coronary heart disease due to plaque buildup in the coronary arteries. Which of the following is a direct consequence of this condition?

<p>Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a drug prevents the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls from contracting, which type of vessel would be MOST affected?

<p>Arteries, due to their thick walls with abundant smooth muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes would likely occur in a person's heartbeat during intense exercise?

<p>Increased rate, increased force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is designing a synthetic material to create artificial blood vessels. Which characteristic is LEAST important to consider for the material used in capillaries?

<p>Material must be strong and elastic to withstand high pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?

<p>Family history of heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a hike, a student notices their ankles swelling. Assuming this is related to blood vessel function, which vessel type is MOST likely involved?

<p>Venules, due to compromised return of blood flow back to the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the tricuspid and mitral valves function during the systole phase of the heartbeat?

<p>They close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a single circulatory system, where does the blood go immediately after leaving the heart?

<p>Directly to the gas exchange organ. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to arteries and capillaries, veins have:

<p>valves to prevent the backflow of blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has a condition that reduces the number of erythrocytes their body produces. Which of the following will the patient MOST likely experience?

<p>Impaired oxygen transport. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A scientist is studying a blood sample and observes a large number of cells with the primary function of defending the body against pathogens. Which type of blood cells are they MOST likely observing?

<p>Leukocytes (white blood cells). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for initiating the formation of blood clots?

<p>Thrombocytes (platelets). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a disease that causes the narrowing of blood vessels, which blood vessel characteristic is MOST likely affected?

<p>Lumen diameter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cells are highly specialized for oxygen transport. Which adaptation does NOT directly contribute to this function?

<p>Ability to produce antibodies to target and destroy pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of fibrinogen in blood?

<p>Aiding in blood clotting by forming a network across a wound. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a disease, which of the following best describes how the blood will respond?

<p>White blood cells may use phagocytosis to breakdown disease-causing microorganism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a blood sample where the oxygen concentration is high. What would be the most likely state of haemoglobin in the red blood cells?

<p>Bound to oxygen, forming oxyhaemoglobin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refer to the diagram of the heart and blood vessels. If 'D' indicates the pulmonary artery, and 'A' indicates the pulmonary vein, what is the correct order of blood pressure from highest to lowest among the following points? ('B' and 'C' are unspecified)

<p>D &gt; A &gt; B &gt; C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given heart diagram, if 'H' represents the right atrium and 'I' represents the right ventricle, which of the following statements accurately describes the blood flow between these two chambers?

<p>Blood flows from 'H' to 'I' through the tricuspid valve. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where a person has a wound. How do fibrin and platelets work together to prevent blood loss?

<p>Fibrin forms a mesh that traps platelets to create a clot. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During heavy exercise, the body temperature tends to rise. How does blood help regulate this increase in body temperature?

<p>By distributing heat from the muscles to the skin, where it can be dissipated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Circulatory System

System responsible for transporting substances throughout the body.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Determines oxygen intake capacity in relation to oxygen use.

Oxygen (O2) Circulation

Lungs → all body parts

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Circulation

All body parts → lungs

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Nutrient Circulation

gut → all body parts.

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Urea Circulation

liver → kidney.

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3 Components of the Circulatory System

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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Position of the Heart

Located in the chest, slightly to the left, protected by the rib cage and sits between the two lungs, resting on the diaphragm.

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Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart; have thick walls to withstand high pressure.

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Veins

Carry blood back to the heart; have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.

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Capillaries

Tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins; facilitate nutrient and waste exchange.

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Artery Lumen Diameter

Arteries have a smaller lumen diameter compared to veins.

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Artery Wall Thickness

Arteries have thicker walls with more muscle and elastic tissue to withstand higher pressure.

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Vein Valves

Veins have valves to prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it flows towards the heart.

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Plasma

Liquid component of blood; carries blood cells, nutrients, and waste.

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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Function is to bind and transport oxygen throughout the body.

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Single Circulatory System

Blood is pumped from the heart to gas exchange then directly to the body.

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Double Circulatory System

Blood is pumped to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart, then to the body.

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Pulmonary Circulation

Deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs, gets oxygenated, and returns to the heart.

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Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood goes from the heart to the body, delivers oxygen, and returns deoxygenated.

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Heartbeat

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle pumping blood.

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Systole (Contraction)

Ventricle contracts, pumping blood out; tricuspid and mitral valves close ('lub').

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Diastole (Relaxation)

Ventricle relaxes and fills with blood; pulmonary and aortic valves close ('dub').

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Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary arteries are narrowed/blocked, restricting blood flow to heart muscle.

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Red Blood Cell Shape

Shaped like a biconcave disc to maximize surface area for oxygen exchange.

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Why Red Blood Cells Lack a Nucleus

To store more haemoglobin and therefore,carry more oxygen.

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Haemoglobin

An iron-containing protein that binds to oxygen, enabling oxygen transport throughout the body.

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Phagocytosis

The process by which certain white blood cells engulf and digest microorganisms or other harmful particles.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by the immune system that bind to antigens on pathogens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction.

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Antigens

Markers on pathogens that trigger an immune response.

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Fibrin

A protein that forms a mesh-like network at the site of a wound, trapping blood cells and forming a clot to stop bleeding.

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Study Notes

Why the Circulatory System is Needed

  • The circulatory system is essential due to the ratio of supply to demand.
  • The cell's surface area determines oxygen supply rate.
  • The cell's volume determines oxygen usage rate (demand rate).

Substances Transported by the Circulatory System

  • Oxygen (O2).
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Nutrients.
  • Urea.
  • Hormones, antibodies, and heat.

Basic Components of the Circulatory System

  • The heart.
  • Blood vessels.
  • Blood.

The Heart

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
  • Oxygen-poor blood
  • Oxygen-rich blood

Blood Vessels

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillary

Blood

  • Red blood cells
  • Platelets
  • White blood cell

Blood Vessel Characteristics

Arteries

  • Location: Deeper in the body
  • Contain of Smooth Muscle Cell: High amount of smooth muscle

Veins

  • Valves prevent backflow.

Blood Composition

Plasma

  • Function: Carries blood cells, dissolved nutrients, hormones, CO2, and urea and distributes heat.
  • It is the liquid part of blood, mainly water.

Red Blood Cells/RBC (Erythrocyte)

  • Function: Transports oxygen.
  • It has a biconcave shape for faster oxygen exchange.
  • No nucleus enables more hemoglobin storage.
  • Contains hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

White Blood Cells/WBC (Leukocytes)

  • Function: Protects the body against disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens), such as bacteria and viruses.
  • Two main ways of protection: phagocytosis (breakdown microorganisms) and antibodies.
  • Antibodies stick to pathogen's markers (antigens) to destroy.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Fragments of large cells produce chemicals that cause fibrinogen to change into fibrin.
  • Fibrin forms a network, preventing blood loss and pathogen entry.

Two Main Types of Circulatory Systems in Animals

Single Circulatory System

  • Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ and directly to the rest of the body.

Double Circulatory System

  • Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart, and then to the rest of the body.

Double Circulatory System Details

Pulmonary Circulation:

  • Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries and circulates through the lungs.
  • Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein

Systemic Circulation:

  • Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta and circulates through all body parts and tissues.
  • Deoxygenated blood returns through the vena cava.

The Heartbeat

  • A heartbeat is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.
  • A normal heart beats 70 times a minute.
  • Rate adapts to body needs for oxygen during activities like exercise.

Systole (Contraction)

  • The ventricles contract ('lub' sound) to pump blood to the lungs and the body, closing the tricuspid and mitral valves.

Diastole (Relaxation)

  • Ventricles relax ('dub' sound) and fill with blood, closing the pulmonary and aortic valves.

Coronary Heart Disease

  • Condition: Coronary arteries narrow or are blocked due to plaque buildup, restricting blood flow to the heart muscle.

Risk Factors

  • High cholesterol
  • High blood pressure
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Diabetes
  • Family history of heart disease

Prevention

  • Healthy diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Quitting smoking
  • Stress management

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Circulatory System: Textbook Notes PDF

Description

Explore the circulatory system's vital role in transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste. Learn about the heart's chambers, blood vessels like arteries and veins, and blood components including red blood cells and plasma. Understand how these elements work together to sustain life.

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