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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the circulatory system?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the circulatory system?
- Protection through immunity and clotting.
- Regulation of body temperature.
- Production of blood cells. (correct)
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
In adults, hematopoiesis primarily occurs in which of the following tissues?
In adults, hematopoiesis primarily occurs in which of the following tissues?
- Liver
- Bone marrow (correct)
- Spleen
- Yolk sac
What structural adaptation of erythrocytes (RBCs) enhance their function of oxygen transport?
What structural adaptation of erythrocytes (RBCs) enhance their function of oxygen transport?
- Presence of multiple nuclei.
- Irregular cell membrane to increase surface area.
- Biconcave shape and lack of organelles. (correct)
- High concentration of ribosomes.
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythropoiesis. Where is erythropoietin produced?
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythropoiesis. Where is erythropoietin produced?
What characteristic distinguishes adult hemoglobin (Hb) from fetal hemoglobin?
What characteristic distinguishes adult hemoglobin (Hb) from fetal hemoglobin?
What is the primary cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
What is the primary cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
Which of the following is the correct order of steps in hemostasis?
Which of the following is the correct order of steps in hemostasis?
What is the primary difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways?
What is the primary difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways?
How does blood viscosity and osmolarity affect overall circulatory function?
How does blood viscosity and osmolarity affect overall circulatory function?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an excess of red blood cells, potentially increasing the risk of stroke or heart failure?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an excess of red blood cells, potentially increasing the risk of stroke or heart failure?
Flashcards
Functions of the Circulatory System
Functions of the Circulatory System
Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, and hormones; provides immunity and clotting; regulates fluid balance, pH, and temperature.
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Red blood cells that transport oxygen.
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
White blood cells for immune response.
Platelets
Platelets
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Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
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RBC Structure & Function
RBC Structure & Function
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Erythropoiesis (RBC production)
Erythropoiesis (RBC production)
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia
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Anemia
Anemia
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Study Notes
- Chapter 18 focuses on the circulatory system and blood.
Functions of the Circulatory System
- Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
- Provides protection through immunity, clotting, and inflammation
- Regulates fluid balance, pH, and temperature
Major Components of Blood
- Blood, including plasma and formed elements
- The heart
- Blood vessels
Blood Composition and Properties
- Formed elements include erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) that transport oxygen
- Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs) provide an immune response
- Platelets assist in clotting
- Blood plasma consists of water, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, electrolytes, and gases
- Blood viscosity and osmolarity affect blood flow and regulate pressure
Blood Production (Hematopoiesis)
- Hematopoietic tissues include the yolk sac (fetal) and bone marrow (adult)
- Myeloid hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow, while lymphoid hematopoiesis occurs in lymphatic organs
- Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into colony-forming units (CFUs) for RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin
- Red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave in shape, lack a nucleus/organelles, and are filled with hemoglobin
- RBC lifespan is approximately 120 days, with removal by the spleen and liver
- Hemoglobin (Hb) has 4 polypeptide chains, each with a heme group that binds oxygen
- Adult Hb contains two alpha and two beta chains, while fetal Hb contains two alpha and two gamma chains
- Erythropoiesis (RBC production) is stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys
- Erythropoiesis requires iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid
Blood Disorders
- Polycythemia involves excess RBCs that increase risk of stroke and heart failure
- Anemia involves low RBCs or hemoglobin that causes blood loss, iron deficiency, and kidney disease
- Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disorder resulting in malformed RBCs that block blood flow
Blood Typing & Transfusions
- ABO blood types are based on surface antigens A, B, AB, and O
- Rh factor: Rh+ has antigen D, while Rh- lacks it
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) occurs if an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus
Leukocytes & Immunity
- Granulocytes include neutrophils for bacteria defense, eosinophils for allergies/parasites, and basophils for histamine release
- Agranulocytes include lymphocytes for immune response and monocytes for macrophages
- Leukopenia is a low WBC count, while leukocytosis is a high WBC count
- Leukemia is cancer of WBCs
Hemostasis & Clotting
- Hemostasis has 3 stages: vascular spasm (vasoconstriction), platelet plug formation (platelet aggregation), and coagulation (fibrin clot formation)
- Clotting pathways include extrinsic (tissue damage) and intrinsic (platelet activation)
- Hemophilia is a genetic clotting deficiency
- Thrombosis is an abnormal clot formation
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