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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of infradian rhythms?
Which term describes the rhythm related to activities that occur primarily during twilight hours?
What is the role of zeitgebers in biological rhythms?
Which of the following is an example of circumannual rhythm?
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Which factors are NOT known to affect eating behavior?
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In sexually reproductive behaviors, what is the term for the attraction and courting actions performed by males?
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Circadian rhythms are primarily set by which of the following cues?
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What type of biological rhythm occurs more frequently than once every 24 hours?
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What effect does neonatal castration have on males treated with estrogen?
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What is the consequence of ovariectomy in females?
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How does the social environment affect sexual behavior in rams?
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In what way does hormonal state affect a female dog's attractiveness?
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Which factor has a greater impact on sexual behavior inhibition in animals?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in female sexual behavior?
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What type of ovulator are most farm animals such as bitches and sows?
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What effect does prepubertal castration have on sexual behavior?
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Study Notes
Chronobiology and Biological Rhythms
- Chronobiology studies periodic phenomena in living organisms related to solar and lunar cycles.
- Biological rhythms categorize into several types: diurnal (daytime), nocturnal (nighttime), and crepuscular (twilight).
Types of Biological Rhythms
- Circadian rhythms follow a roughly 24-hour cycle.
- High frequency rhythms occur in less than 30 minutes.
- Ultradian rhythms happen more frequently than every 24 hours.
- Infradian rhythms extend longer than 24 hours, with less frequent occurrences.
- Circatrigentian rhythms last around 30 days.
- Annual rhythms are based on cycles over a year, often observed in seasonal breeders.
Infradian Rhythms
- Characterized by cycles longer than 24 hours.
- Occurrence frequency is lower compared to circadian rhythms.
Circadian Rhythms
- Operate approximately within a 24-hour period.
- Zeitgebers, or "time givers," help set these rhythms, which can be maintained under constant light or dark.
- Examples of zeitgebers include light, barometric pressure, drugs, and feeding schedules.
Circatrigentian Rhythms
- Last about 30 days, influencing sexual cycles in animals.
- Sows and cows exhibit heat cycles every 21 days, while mares have cycles lasting 17-24 days in spring.
High Frequency and Ultradian Rhythms
- High frequency rhythms include heart and respiration rates, occurring less than every 30 minutes.
- Ultradian rhythms occur more frequently than 24 hours.
Annual Rhythms
- Govern reproductive cycles of seasonal breeders.
- Hormonal peaks in cats, including corticosteroids and thyroxine, are observed during winter.
Systems of Behavior
- Animals display goal-oriented behaviors, which can be broken into phases: appetitive, consummatory, and refractory.
Ingestive Behavior
- Encompasses eating behavior aimed at energy acquisition, allelomimetic behavior, and attention-seeking actions.
- Animals classified as carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores based on food preferences.
- Factors affecting eating behavior include taste, temperature, social facilitation, gastrointestinal factors, and estrogen levels.
Sexual Behavior
- Involves proceptive and receptive behaviors by females and courting and mate guarding by males.
- Actual copulation is a critical part of sexual behavior.
Factors Influencing Sexual Behavior
- Determined genetically at conception, with chromosomal sex dictating gonad development.
- Perinatal hormonal actions can affect sexual behavior; neonatally castrated males treated with estrogen may exhibit receptive behaviors.
- Adult hormone levels are necessary for normal sexual behavior, but excessive hormones do not enhance libido.
- Experiential factors such as past social and sexual experiences significantly shape sexual behavior.
Attractiveness and Environmental Influences
- Hormonal state influences the attractiveness of mates, e.g., increased estrogen in urine of estrous bitches increases male attraction.
- External environmental conditions, including weather and disturbances, can inhibit sexual behavior, with males being more affected than females.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Control
- Female sexual behavior is regulated by the hypothalamus and associated hormones (GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone).
- Spontaneous and induced ovulators have different triggers for ovulation, with pheromones playing a key role in species like swine.
Additional Behavioral Types
- Agonistic (combat-related) behavior, epimeletic (care-giving) behavior, et-epimeletic (care-seeking) behavior, eliminative behavior, investigatory behavior, allelomimetic behavior, and shelter-seeking behavior are all exhibited by animals.
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Description
Explore the fascinating field of chronobiology, which studies the periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar and lunar rhythms. This quiz covers various biological rhythms including diurnal, nocturnal, and circadian patterns. Test your knowledge on these fascinating cycles and their significance in nature.
