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Questions and Answers
What is the term associated with which of the following urological conditions?
What is a common side effect of prescribing an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent to a patient with BPH?
How long does it take for a spermatogonium to complete its maturation into a spermatozoa in the testis?
What happens to bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney during metabolic acidosis?
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What is the likely pathological basis for a presentation of oedema of the face and ankles with 4+ proteinuria?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with epididymitis?
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What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on urinary acidity?
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What is the term associated with which of the following urological conditions?
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What is the likely cause of the 41-year-old female's symptoms?
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What is the most likely source of the 56-year-old woman's anaemia?
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What is the 27-year-old man with sickle cell anaemia at risk of developing?
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What is commonly seen in the urinary sediment of patients with urinary tract cancer?
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Which of the following requires immediate surgery as a differential diagnosis of a groin mass?
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What is the likely cause of the 41-year-old female's fatigue?
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What is the likely cause of the 56-year-old woman's haematuria?
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What is associated with chronic renal failure and anaemia?
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Study Notes
Renal Failure Complications
- A 41-year-old female with chronic renal failure presents with confusion, fatigue, and headache due to hyperkalemia (potassium level: 6.8 mmol/L).
- Hyperkalemia is a likely cause of her symptoms.
Anaemia in Diabetes
- A 56-year-old woman with diabetes and chronic renal failure presents with fatigue and anaemia.
- Chronic renal failure is the most likely source of her anaemia.
Sickle Cell Anaemia Complications
- A 27-year-old man with sickle cell anaemia is at risk of developing priapism.
Urinary Tract Cancer
- Large quantities of transitional epithelial cells in urinary sediment are seen in patients with urinary tract cancer.
Groin Mass Differential Diagnoses
- Incarcerated hernia requires immediate surgery.
- Other differential diagnoses include cryptorchidism, epididymitis, hydrocele, and psoas abscess.
Urological Conditions
- "Bell clapper" deformity is associated with testicular torsion.
Treatment of BPH
- Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents can cause postural hypotension as a common side effect.
Spermatogenesis
- It takes approximately 70 days for a spermatogonium to complete its maturation into a spermatozoa in the testis.
Renal Metabolism/Excretion
- In metabolic acidosis, urinary acidity is increased and bicarbonate reabsorption is decreased.
Oedema and Proteinuria
- A 45-year-old woman presents with oedema and proteinuria due to an abnormality of the glomerular basement membrane.
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Description
A 41-year-old female with chronic renal failure presents to the emergency department with confusion, fatigue, and headache. What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
