Chronic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis and Management

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of $20 \text{ mL/min}/1.73 \text{m}^2$. According to the staging of CKD, how should this patient's kidney disease be classified?

Which of the following laboratory findings is LEAST likely to be associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for using ACE inhibitors or ARBs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those with hypertension and proteinuria?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) reports experiencing persistent itching (pruritus). Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for managing this symptom?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a history of heart failure is prescribed sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) for hyperkalemia. What nursing assessment is most critical before administering this medication?

Which dietary modification is most important for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on dialysis to help slow the progression of the disease?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prescribed epoetin alfa. What laboratory value should the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of this medication?

A patient with COPD is experiencing an exacerbation. Which of the following factors is least likely the cause of their current condition, assuming other typical triggers are present?

During a physical assessment of a patient with suspected COPD, which finding would be least expected?

A patient newly diagnosed with COPD asks about the primary cause of the disease. Which of the following is the most accurate response?

Spirometry is performed on a patient suspected of having COPD. Which set of results would strongly indicate COPD?

Which of the following statements best describes the typical progression of COPD?

Which of the following is NOT a typical trigger for a sickle cell crisis?

A patient with sickle cell disease is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis. Which of the following signs and symptoms would be most likely to be observed?

Which type of sickle cell crisis involves the bone marrow temporarily ceasing red blood cell production?

The swelling characteristic of sickle cell dactylitis is associated with what pathological process?

What is the primary goal of managing a patient experiencing a sickle cell crisis?

Which of the following interventions is LEAST likely to minimize long-term organ dysfunction in a patient with sickle cell disease?

Which of the following laboratory findings is NOT typically assessed in the diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease?

Which of the following medications is LEAST likely to cause thrombocytopenia?

A patient with sickle cell anemia is prescribed Coumadin (warfarin) for an unrelated condition. What potential complication should the healthcare provider closely monitor for?

Which of the following is the MOST important aspect of parent education regarding children with sickle cell anemia?

A patient with iron deficiency anemia is prescribed oral iron supplements. Which instruction should the nurse include in the patient's education to enhance iron absorption?

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia). Which nutritional deficiency is MOST likely associated with these findings?

Which of the following neurological symptoms is MOST indicative of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia rather than iron deficiency anemia?

A patient with a history of alcoholism is diagnosed with folic acid deficiency anemia. Which additional hematological abnormality would the nurse MOST likely observe in this patient?

A patient with folic acid deficiency is prescribed folic acid supplements. The patient is also taking phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizure control. What is the MOST important nursing consideration related to this drug interaction?

During the management of a patient with anemia, the nurse is preparing to administer erythropoietin. Prior to administration, what laboratory value is MOST critical for the nurse to assess?

A patient receiving erythropoietin for anemia develops hypertension. What is the underlying mechanism that MOST likely contributes to this adverse effect?

A patient newly diagnosed with sickle cell disease asks the nurse about the genetic implications of the disease. What inheritance pattern should the nurse explain?

A patient with sickle cell anemia is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis. Which intervention is the PRIORITY nursing action?

What is the underlying pathophysiology that leads to sickling of red blood cells in sickle cell disease?

A patient with BPH is considering watchful waiting. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to emphasize?

A patient diagnosed with BPH is prescribed an alpha-adrenergic blocker. The nurse knows that the therapeutic effect of this medication is achieved by which mechanism?

A patient is scheduled for a TURP procedure. What potential postoperative complication should the nurse prioritize in their teaching?

Following a radical prostatectomy, a patient expresses concern about erectile dysfunction. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?

A patient undergoing brachytherapy for prostate cancer asks the nurse about precautions they need to take at home. What information should the nurse include?

A 68-year-old man with a family history of prostate cancer is considering screening. Which statement would be most appropriate for the nurse to provide regarding prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing?

The nurse is caring for a patient who reports taking saw palmetto for BPH. Which assessment finding would warrant further investigation?

A patient with prostate cancer is prescribed ablative hormone therapy. What is the primary goal of this treatment?

Which dietary modification should a nurse recommend to a patient at risk of prostate cancer?

A patient with thrombocytopenia is being discharged home. Which instructions are most important to include in the discharge teaching plan? (Select all that apply)

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a patient with anemia. Which of the following sets of results would MOST strongly suggest iron deficiency anemia?

A patient with sickle cell crisis is admitted to the emergency department. Which intervention is the MOST important to implement?

A patient is receiving a blood transfusion and begins to experience chills, fever, and lower back pain. What is the priority nursing action?

A patient with COPD develops anemia. Which of the following underlying mechanisms is MOST likely contributing to the anemia in this patient?

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and tachycardia. Lab results show Hgb of 6.7 g/dL, Hct of 23%, and low ferritin levels. Which of the following dietary recommendations should the nurse provide?

A 72-year-old male with a history of BPH presents with increasing urinary hesitancy, weak urinary stream, and nocturia. What diagnostic test is the most appropriate for confirming BPH?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is diagnosed with anemia of chronic disease. What is the most likely cause of anemia in this patient?

Which of the following are risk factors for prostate cancer?

Which patient is at highest risk for developing iron deficiency anemia?

A nurse is assessing a patient with suspected sickle cell crisis. Which of the following clinical manifestations are consistent with this diagnosis?

Which of the following are priority interventions for a patient admitted in sickle cell crisis?

Which medication is associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A patient with iron deficiency anemia exhibits several abnormal lab values. Which combination of results is most consistent with this condition?

A 17-year-old African American male is admitted with a sickle cell crisis and reports severe pain. His O2 saturation is 90% on room air. After applying oxygen, which intervention is the most appropriate next step?

A patient is diagnosed with thrombocytopenia. Which condition is least likely to be associated with thrombocytopenia?

A patient with thrombocytopenia is being monitored for signs and symptoms of internal bleeding. Which assessment finding would be the most concerning and require immediate intervention?

A patient with anemia of chronic disease is also diagnosed with COPD. How does COPD contribute to anemia of chronic disease?

Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia and its impact on red blood cells?

A patient with peripheral artery disease (PAD) experiences leg pain during exercise that is relieved by rest. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in managing this symptom?

A patient with a hemoglobin level of 6.7 g/dL is experiencing significant fatigue and shortness of breath. After notifying the physician, which intervention is the most appropriate?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Leading Causes of CKD

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Common Clinical Manifestations of CKD

Uremia in CKD

Treatment of Hyperkalemia in CKD

Antihypertensive Therapy in CKD

BPH Pathophysiology

BPH Clinical Manifestations

BPH Diagnosis

BPH Complications

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors

Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers

TURP

Prostate Cancer Screening

Prostate Cancer Symptoms

COPD Pathophysiology

COPD Causes

Spirometry in COPD

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

FEV1

Pica

Anemia: Paresthesia

Anemia: Glossitis

Anemia: Koilonychias

Vitamin C and Iron

Lhermitte Sign

Folate Insufficiency Risks

Nursing considerations for Iron Supplement

Erythropoietin Considerations

Sickle Cell Disease

Types of Sickle Cell Crises

Triggers for Sickle Cell Crisis

Hypoxemia Consequence

Aplastic Crisis

Sequestration Crisis

Dactylitis

Sickle Cell Disease Management

Thrombocytopenia

Medications Causing Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia: Activity Precautions

Thrombocytopenia: Oral Hygiene

Thrombocytopenia: Monitor for Melena

Thrombocytopenia: Avoid Aspirin

Thrombocytopenia: Razor Type

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Anemia of Chronic Disease (CKD related)

Sickle Cell Crisis

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)

Transfusion Reaction

Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

PSA as Gold Standard?

Iron Deficiency Anemia Lab Findings

Initial Intervention for Sickle Cell Crisis

Sickle Cell Anemia - True Statements

Claudication

Internal Bleeding Signs in Thrombocytopenia

Priority Intervention for Hemoglobin of 6.7 g/dL

Clinical Manifestations of Anemia