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Questions and Answers
What is one method that individuals with disabilities use to handle interactions with normals?
What is one method that individuals with disabilities use to handle interactions with normals?
Who among the following is considered wise according to Goffman's concept of stigma?
Who among the following is considered wise according to Goffman's concept of stigma?
In Nagi’s Disablement Process, what does the 'origin' construct primarily focus on?
In Nagi’s Disablement Process, what does the 'origin' construct primarily focus on?
Which of the following is a risk factor commonly associated with chronic diseases?
Which of the following is a risk factor commonly associated with chronic diseases?
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What does the 'society level' in Nagi's Disablement Process pertain to?
What does the 'society level' in Nagi's Disablement Process pertain to?
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Where in the United States are most chronic diseases predominantly found?
Where in the United States are most chronic diseases predominantly found?
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What factor plays a role in explaining health and disease discrepancies across different races?
What factor plays a role in explaining health and disease discrepancies across different races?
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What is an attribute that leads to stigmatization according to Goffman?
What is an attribute that leads to stigmatization according to Goffman?
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Which demographic is at higher risk for obesity?
Which demographic is at higher risk for obesity?
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What is the reported percentage of the population that is obese?
What is the reported percentage of the population that is obese?
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Which of the following is NOT a complication of diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of diabetes?
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What trend was observed in mental health expenditures from 1986 to 2014?
What trend was observed in mental health expenditures from 1986 to 2014?
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Which group has the highest rate of major depression?
Which group has the highest rate of major depression?
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What lifestyle change can help mitigate the risk of diabetes?
What lifestyle change can help mitigate the risk of diabetes?
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Which region of the country is noted for having the greatest disease burden?
Which region of the country is noted for having the greatest disease burden?
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How is obesity medicalized?
How is obesity medicalized?
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What is the primary focus of the precautionary principle in risk management?
What is the primary focus of the precautionary principle in risk management?
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What does the statement 'The dose makes the toxin' imply?
What does the statement 'The dose makes the toxin' imply?
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Which of the following health consequences is associated with landfilling waste?
Which of the following health consequences is associated with landfilling waste?
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What is the primary focus of the social constructionist approach to opioid addiction?
What is the primary focus of the social constructionist approach to opioid addiction?
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What best describes the permissive principles in risk management as practiced in the US?
What best describes the permissive principles in risk management as practiced in the US?
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What constitutes environmental injustice according to the principles of Environmental Justice?
What constitutes environmental injustice according to the principles of Environmental Justice?
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How can manufactured doubt affect product circulation?
How can manufactured doubt affect product circulation?
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What are Superfund sites?
What are Superfund sites?
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Which state has the highest number of Superfund sites?
Which state has the highest number of Superfund sites?
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What does the Brownfields Initiative aim to achieve?
What does the Brownfields Initiative aim to achieve?
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What types of chemicals are classified as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)?
What types of chemicals are classified as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)?
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How many Superfund sites exist within the United States?
How many Superfund sites exist within the United States?
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What does the term 'manufactured risks' refer to?
What does the term 'manufactured risks' refer to?
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What is required for pre-market approval of class 3 medical devices by the FDA?
What is required for pre-market approval of class 3 medical devices by the FDA?
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Which entity is responsible for monitoring the 'notified bodies' in the EU medical device approval process?
Which entity is responsible for monitoring the 'notified bodies' in the EU medical device approval process?
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What is a key difference between the regulatory processes for pharmaceuticals and medical devices?
What is a key difference between the regulatory processes for pharmaceuticals and medical devices?
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Why are women considered most at risk regarding medical devices?
Why are women considered most at risk regarding medical devices?
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What distinguishes pharmaceuticalization from medicalization?
What distinguishes pharmaceuticalization from medicalization?
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What is one characteristic of the FDA's 510(k) process?
What is one characteristic of the FDA's 510(k) process?
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Why might medical device effectiveness be considered more complex than pharmaceutical effectiveness?
Why might medical device effectiveness be considered more complex than pharmaceutical effectiveness?
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How does the EU determine the approval of medical devices?
How does the EU determine the approval of medical devices?
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What was a major assumption regarding the pharmaceutical industry's regulations before the 1970s?
What was a major assumption regarding the pharmaceutical industry's regulations before the 1970s?
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Which aspect of medical devices requires greater attention during their marketing and adoption?
Which aspect of medical devices requires greater attention during their marketing and adoption?
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What is the primary focus during the Acute stage of schizophrenia?
What is the primary focus during the Acute stage of schizophrenia?
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Which class of medical devices includes items such as elastic bandages and tongue depressors?
Which class of medical devices includes items such as elastic bandages and tongue depressors?
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What is a key feature of Phase 3 in drug trials?
What is a key feature of Phase 3 in drug trials?
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In the context of differences between men and women regarding mental illness diagnoses, which group has the highest rate?
In the context of differences between men and women regarding mental illness diagnoses, which group has the highest rate?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Class 2 medical devices?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Class 2 medical devices?
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During drug trial Phase 1, how many human subjects are typically involved?
During drug trial Phase 1, how many human subjects are typically involved?
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Which of the following devices is classified as Class 3?
Which of the following devices is classified as Class 3?
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What is the primary goal of Phase 2 in clinical drug trials?
What is the primary goal of Phase 2 in clinical drug trials?
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Which of the following statements about drug trial phases is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about drug trial phases is NOT true?
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What is a common misconception regarding the funding of pharmaceutical research?
What is a common misconception regarding the funding of pharmaceutical research?
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Which of the following best describes the Prodromal stage of schizophrenia?
Which of the following best describes the Prodromal stage of schizophrenia?
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What distinguishes Class 1 medical devices from Class 2 and Class 3 devices?
What distinguishes Class 1 medical devices from Class 2 and Class 3 devices?
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During which phase of drug trials are randomized controlled trials most critical?
During which phase of drug trials are randomized controlled trials most critical?
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What is a characteristic of medical devices classified as Class 2?
What is a characteristic of medical devices classified as Class 2?
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Study Notes
Chronic Disease and Disability
- Goffman's stigma concept:
- People with disabilities may view "normals" as ignorant, but not malicious, and may downplay offenses with humor or reduce tension by breaking the ice.
- Disclosure etiquette is used to discuss severe conditions.
- People with disabilities may choose to portray themselves as "normal" to ease interaction.
- Who determines who is stigmatized?
- Attributes deeply discredited by society lead to rejection of individuals.
- Stigmatized persons bear the stigma; normals do not.
- Wise normals are recognized by stigmatized individuals for their understanding.
- Nagi's Disablement Process:
- Aims to define and conceptualize disability through a process of change.
- Outlines a framework with domains like pathology, impairment, functional limitations, and societal disability.
Nutrition/Obesity/Diabetes
- Risk factors for obesity and diabetes:
- Non-Hispanic blacks have a higher risk of obesity compared to other groups.
- Older age increases risk.
- Increased central body fat is a risk factor.
- Smoking and low fitness levels are risks.
- Increased risk due to ethnicity: Hispanic, African American, and Asian individuals have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes compared to other racial groups.
- Prevalence of obesity.
- 42% of people are obese.
- 1 in 3 people are overweight.
- Health conditions associated with obesity and diabetes: Cardiovascular risks, hypertension, CHD, heart failure, cardiac steatosis, ECG findings, atrial fibrillation, stroke, cancer, and various other complications.
Mental Health
- Mental health trends 1986-2014: Increased outpatient care, retail prescription drugs, and inpatient care decreased while suicide rates for men were found to the be highest; biracial men have the highest depression rates. Asian is the lowest.
Pharma & Medical Devices
- Drug trial phases:
- Pre-clinical (animal studies)
- Phase 1 (small human trials)
- Phase 2 (more subjects, focus on specific disorders)
- Phase 3 (large, randomized, controlled trials)
- Medical device classes (example types):
- Class 1: simple devices like elastic bandages
- Class 2: medical thermometers
- Class 3: heart valves, implants require more rigorous testing.
Environmental Exposure and Health
- Environmental justice: equal treatment under environmental regulations regardless of race, income, color, or national origin.
- Environmental racism: racial discrimination in environmental policy impacting communities of color disproportionately through locations such as Environmental Defense Centers.
- Superfund Sites: contaminated sites requiring cleanup, with locations concentrated in specific areas such as NJ.
- Environmental risks are stratified based on social factors such as race, socioeconomic status, and geographical location, risk factors for hazards are categorized.
Miscellaneous
- Colonialism: relates to the broader issue of colonization and its lasting implications for health, including health consequences stemming from environmental problems.
- Manufacturing of doubt: relating to products, and marketing to gain profit. Ethical considerations and the need to prove that products are safe and do not harm consumers is important, and those that have a proven history of doubt or harmful actions need scrutiny.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of stigma in relation to disabilities, as introduced by Goffman. Understand Nagi's Disablement Process and learn about risk factors for obesity and diabetes. This quiz covers essential knowledge regarding chronic diseases and their societal implications.
