Chronic Disease and Disability Overview

A deeply discrediting attribute, leading to social rejection of the individual.

Strategies individuals with disabilities use to navigate societal reactions.

A framework describing disability as a multi-stage process, starting with pathology and moving to societal impacts.

Chronic health conditions that initiate the disablement process.

Impairment - disability-related symptoms

Functional limitation – problems participating in daily activities.

Disability - societal result of functional limitations.

Ranking of chronic diseases based on direct and indirect costs.

Areas of the US with higher incidence of chronic diseases.

Behaviors (e.g., smoking) and lifestyle choices that increase disease likelihood.

Factors like access to healthcare, education, and exposure to discrimination shape health outcomes.

The Southern region of the US has a higher rate of certain diseases.

Risk factors for obesity include higher BMI, age, central fat, smoking, and low fitness.

Non-Hispanic Black individuals have a higher risk of obesity and diabetes; other groups also at risk.

Approximately 42% of the U.S. population is obese, and over 1/3 is overweight.

Obesity and diabetes increase risk of cardiovascular issues, neuropathy, retinopathy, and more.

Managing diabetes involves lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and smoking cessation.

Mental health treatment patterns show an increase in outpatient care, retail prescription drugs, and a decrease in inpatient and residential care (1986-2014).

Men have higher suicide rates overall, and certain racial/ethnic groups may have elevated risk of major depression.

Social and environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, racism, trauma, and disparities significantly influence mental health outcomes.

Factors outside of health care that affect health outcomes. Examples include environment, race, neighborhood, and healthcare system access.

Rigorous process for class 3 medical devices requiring large, randomized trials to prove safety and efficacy.

FDA pathway for class 1, 2, and 3 devices where manufacturers show substantial equivalence to a pre-existing device.

Early stage of schizophrenia, lasting 12-18 months, characterized by subtle symptoms like social withdrawal.

Stage of schizophrenia (18-24 months) marked by worsening symptoms, including anxiety, fear, hallucinations, and more pronounced social withdrawal.

Certification mark for demonstrating the safety and performance of medical devices in the EU.

Independent, commercial organizations implementing regulatory oversight for medical devices in the EU.

Chronic stage of schizophrenia (>24 months) marked by ongoing issues, but not necessarily constant, severe symptoms.

Relatively recent focus on government regulation, shifting from a mostly uncontrolled industry.

Small-scale clinical trial (20-100 subjects) to test safety and determine appropriate dosage.

Effectiveness influenced by multiple variables unlike pharmaceuticals, making trials more complex.

Intermediate clinical trial (100-500 subjects) to evaluate drug efficacy and to refine dosage, often comparing to existing treatments.

Large-scale clinical trial (1000-5000 subjects) to confirm effectiveness, compare different dosages and patient subgroups and investigate potential side effects.

Treating social or bodily issues with pharmaceutical drugs, often driven by economic and regulatory factors.

Process that labels issues as medical conditions requiring treatments, but it doesn't necessarily rely on medications.

The FDA's process of evaluating data from clinical trials to decide if a new drug is safe and effective.

Medical devices with a low potential for harm and subject to only general controls.

Medical devices requiring special controls & standards, beyond general, to assure safety and effectiveness.

High-risk devices needing rigorous testing and oversight to ensure safety and effectiveness due to high potential risk.

Treating ADHD with medication only, without therapy, especially if a medical professional is bypassed.

A perspective that considers how societal factors influence the definition and perception of opioid addiction, beyond just medical concerns, like who defines it a problem and when it gained attention.

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, national origin, or income regarding environmental regulations and policies.

Racial discrimination in environmental policy making that results in people of color being situated in areas with more pollution.

Environmental Disruptors that are harmful chemicals found in various products, having adverse effects on the body and health.

Contaminated sites requiring cleanup efforts due to hazardous substances.

Redeveloping previously contaminated industrial sites or other areas impacted by pollution for reuse.

External risks (e.g., natural disasters) and manufactured risks (e.g., industrial pollution) can be understood and interpreted using probabilities.

Risks disproportionately affecting certain groups based on factors like gender, race, or location.

Risk management approach where new products/policies must be proven safe before release.

Risk management approach allowing product release to open markets, even if not fully tested.

Basic toxicology principle: a substance's toxicity depends on its amount.

Creating uncertainty about risks to promote profit and delay regulation.

Locations recycling electronic waste with potential health impacts.

Health risks linked to waste disposal in landfills, including congenital abnormalities.

Health Risks related to waste incineration, including certain cancers.

Health risks associated with contaminated water from sewage, including gastroenteritis.

Health risks associated with radiation exposure, such as an increase in cancer.