102 Questions
What is the largest salivary gland that produces 25% of the total daily saliva?
Parotid gland
Which salivary gland is primarily a mucous salivary gland and located in the floor of the mouth?
Sublingual gland
Where are the minor salivary glands NOT located?
Anterior palate
Which type of salivary gland produces mixed serous & mucous secretions and contributes 60% of the total daily saliva?
Submandibular gland
What percentage of the total daily saliva do the minor salivary glands contribute to?
Less than 10%
What disorder refers to the condition of dry mouth or decreased saliva production?
Xerostomia
Which antibodies are typically present in Sjogren's syndrome?
SS-A and SS-B
How is the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome confirmed?
By performing a salivary gland biopsy
What virus is incriminated in the etiology of Sjogren's syndrome?
EBV
What is the relative risk of developing B cell lymphoma in patients with Sjogren's syndrome?
14 times greater than average
Which symptoms are required to confirm the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome?
At least 1 specified ocular symptom and at least 1 oral symptom
What is the significance of an increase in ESR in serology testing for Sjogren's syndrome?
It suggests the presence of autoantibodies
Which of the following syndromes has been reported with salivary gland aplasia?
Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia
What is the main significance of salivary gland aplasia?
Dry mouth (xerostomia) and susceptibility to dental caries
Which condition manifests clinically as a retention cyst due to blockage in the secretory or duct system of salivary glands?
Atresia
Which infection mainly affects the parotid gland and can spread with airborne droplets or contaminated saliva?
Mumps
What is the usual predisposing factor for acute bacterial sialadenitis?
Duct obstruction
Why is biopsy contraindicated for patients with acute bacterial sialadenitis?
It may cause damage to the nerve and paralysis
What histological finding is characteristic of chronic bacterial sialadenitis?
Ductal dilatation
Why is sialography not recommended for patients with acute bacterial sialadenitis?
It could cause rupture of the acini and spreading of the infection
(Uncommonly), which salivary gland is mainly affected by acute bacterial sialadenitis?
Parotid salivary gland, this is due to its serous nature, larger duct size and opening location rich in bacteria
What microbiological findings are common in acute bacterial sialadenitis?
Mainly staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes
What are common clinical signs of acute bacterial sialadenitis?
Trismus, redness of the skin, fever, and malaise
What is the histological finding associated with sialadenosis?
Proliferation of the ductal system (squamous metaplasia)
Which condition is characterized by non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic enlargement of the salivary gland, particularly the parotid gland?
Sialosis
Which disease mainly causes damage to the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to dryness of the eyes and mouth?
Sjogren's syndrome
What type of Sjogren's syndrome is characterized by xerostomia and xerophthalmia only?
Primary Sjogren's syndrome
What clinical signs and symptoms are associated with xerostomia?
Disturbed taste sensation (metallic taste)
What test is usually done to confirm the presence of xerophthalmia?
Schirmer test
What does a Schirmer test measure to diagnose xerophthalmia?
Tear secretion
What diagnostic test can show the dilatation sialectasis of the glandular system in Sjogren's syndrome?
Sialography
What is the main cause of SG enlargement in Sjogren's syndrome?
Inflammation in the gland causing enlargement
What should be confirmed to consider a case positive for Sjogren's syndrome based on histological findings?
Presence of more than focus of these inflammatory cells in 4 mm2
What is mainly responsible for causing acinar destruction and replacement with lymphocytic infiltrate in Sjogren's syndrome?
T lymphocytes
Which antibody is commonly seen in patients with Sjogren's syndrome?
SS-A (RO)
What is a common clinical feature of chronic bacterial sialadenitis?
Recurrent tender swelling of the submandibular region
What is a characteristic histological finding in the salivary glands affected by chronic hyposalivation?
Atrophy of the acini
Which salivary gland is most commonly affected by sialolithiasis?
Submandibular gland
Why do salivary stones develop more commonly in the submandibular gland?
Irregular and tortuous duct in the submandibular gland
What is a common outcome of radiation-induced sialadenitis?
Persistent xerostomia
What is a potential cause of necrotizing sialometaplasia?
Trauma from dental appliances
What diagnostic method may not be effective for visualizing all salivary stones?
Sialography
What is a common clinical feature of obstructive and traumatic lesions in salivary glands?
Presence of mucous plugs within the ducts
What is a distinguishing feature of recurrent parotitis in children?
Unilateral enlargement of the parotid gland
What is a potential consequence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in the parotid papilla region?
Ulceration around a stone leading to infection
Which condition may develop as a result of chronic trauma to the parotid papilla region?
Necrotizing sialometaplasia in minor salivary glands
What is the main characteristic of benign salivary gland tumors?
Slow growing and soft or rubbery
In which salivary gland is it rare to have a tumor, but when present, there is an 85% chance for it to be malignant?
Sublingual gland
Where are minor salivary gland tumors most commonly found?
Hard palate
What is the incidence of salivary gland tumors in the general population?
~10 cases per 100,000
What is the malignancy rate of tumors in the parotid gland?
30%
Which salivary gland has the highest chance of malignancy for tumors?
Sublingual gland
Which type of tumor is most common in the salivary glands?
Warthin tumor
Which symptom is NOT associated with benign pleomorphic adenoma?
Facial paralysis
What is the most common location for pleomorphic adenoma in the parotid gland?
Superficial lobe
Which component of pleomorphic adenoma is considered the MOST important for diagnosis?
Stroma
What is a characteristic feature of Warthin tumor?
Bilateral occurrence in most cases
Which tumor may develop in the salivary glands and cause neural manifestations such as facial paralysis?
Muco-epidermoid Carcinoma
What type of tumor can cause invasion to surrounding tissues and may cause necrosis in the area?
Adenoid cystic Carcinoma
In which location are 80% of the tumors in the parotid gland mainly found?
Superficial lobe
What is a distinguishing feature of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma?
Deficiency in some areas of the capsule
What percentage of pleomorphic adenoma cases develop in the submandibular gland?
45%
Which component is NOT seen histologically in pleomorphic adenoma?
Lymphocytic infiltrate
Which tumor has a characteristic origin from epithelial duct cells within lymph nodes in the salivary gland?
Warthin tumor
What is the incidence of salivary gland tumors?
Around 1-6 cases per 100,000
Which salivary gland has the highest chance of malignant tumors?
Sublingual gland
What percentage of parotid gland tumors are malignant?
15%
Where is the most common site for minor salivary gland tumors?
Palate
What is a distinguishing feature of benign salivary gland tumors?
Slow-growing and soft or rubbery
Which classification do benign salivary gland tumors fall under?
Adenomas
Which tumor is characterized by degeneration of delicate stroma forming the tissue around the epithelial cells?
Canalicular Adenoma
What type of cells are mainly found in Oncocytoma?
Oncocytes
Which tumor shows a similar clinical presentation to pleomorphic adenoma and could be bilateral like Warthin tumor?
Oncocytoma
What is the commonest malignant tumor of all salivary glands and the major salivary glands?
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Which tumor is characterized by invasion with the surrounding tissues and the presence of mucous, squamous, and intermediate cells arranged in nests?
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Which grade of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma is mainly composed of mucous cells and squamous cells with no signs of malignancy?
Low grade / well-differentiated tumor
Which salivary gland tumor is mainly composed of oncocytes arranged in solid sheets/cords or acinar pattern and lacks a fibrous stroma?
Oncocytoma
Where do almost all cases of Canalicular Adenoma develop compared to other tumors?
Parotid gland
What is the most common type of benign salivary gland tumor?
Warthin tumor
Which tumor is NOT mentioned as a type of malignant (carcinoma) salivary gland tumor?
Basal cell adenoma
What percentage of pleomorphic adenoma cases develop in the parotid gland?
84%
What is the distinguishing feature of pleomorphic adenoma?
Mixture of epithelium and connective tissue components
Which salivary gland is primarily affected by Warthin tumor?
Parotid gland
What is a distinguishing feature of Adenoid cystic Carcinoma?
Facial paralysis (paresthesia to facial nerve)
Where are 80% of pleomorphic adenomas mainly found in the parotid gland?
Superficial lobe of the parotid
What histological finding characterizes Warthin tumor?
"Multi irregular cystic spaces, containing mucoid material"
In which location are benign tumors mostly found?
Salivary glands
What is a distinguishing feature of malignant (carcinoma) salivary gland tumors?
Fast growing with ulceration
What is a characteristic clinical feature of Warthin tumor?
Elevation of the lobe of the ear, multinodular, and multinodular or lobulated
Which salivary gland tumor is mainly characterized by a degeneration of delicate stroma forming tissue around the epithelial cells, causing multiple cystic spaces around the epithelial cells?
Canalicular adenoma
Which malignant tumor of the salivary glands presents with signs of malignancy such as ulceration, invasion, destruction to surrounding tissues, and neural changes?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Which tumor is composed of epithelial cells arranged in elongated anastomosing cords and is characterized by a degeneration of delicate stroma forming the tissue around the epithelial cells?
Canalicular adenoma
Which type of malignant tumor is mainly composed of mucous cells, squamous cells, and intermediate cells that can change into the mucous or squamous?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Which tumor represents 1-2% of all salivary gland tumors and is clinically similar to pleomorphic adenoma?
Basal cell adenoma
Which malignant tumor may present with paralysis of the face if it develops in the parotid or anesthesia or paresthesia in the palatal region if it develops in the palate?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Which tumor is mainly composed of oncocytes with prominent eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and lacks a fibrous stroma?
Oncocytoma
Which type of tumor is rare in the major salivary gland and causes a localized persistent swelling in the upper lip?
Canalicular adenoma
Which salivary gland tumor is composed of epithelial cells arranged in elongated anastomosing cords, like canals, and is characterized by a degeneration of delicate stroma forming the tissue around the epithelial cells?
Canalicular adenoma
What histological finding is characteristic of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma?
Nests, diffuse sheets, and cystic spaces lined by mucous cells.
What is characteristic of Basal Cell Adenoma?
Well-encapsulated and composed of basaloid cells.
What makes Oncocytoma unique histologically?
Lacks a fibrous stroma.
What distinguishes Ductal Papillomas from other salivary gland tumors?
Nests, diffuse sheets, and cystic spaces lined by mucous cells.
Test your knowledge about the clinical and histological features of chronic bacterial sialadenitis in the context of chronic hyposalivation. Learn to identify the characteristic clinical signs and histological changes associated with this condition.
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