Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a very rare inflammatory condition affecting small and medium-size arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a very rare inflammatory condition affecting small and medium-size arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities?
- Venus insufficiencies and obstructions pathology
- Reynard's pathology
- Buerger's pathology (correct)
- Chronic arterial obstructions pathology
What are the clinical manifestations of Venus insufficiencies and obstructions pathology?
What are the clinical manifestations of Venus insufficiencies and obstructions pathology?
- Red beefy tissue opening on the inside medial part of the ankle, pain that decreases with ambulation and elevation (correct)
- Aching, heavy discomfort, and darkened raised tortuous veins
- Deep circular black ulcers on the great toe with painful, dry, gangrene around proximal joint spaces with no edema
- Cold, no hair, absent pulses, and ulcers
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Reynard's pathology?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Reynard's pathology?
- Smoking
- Cold temperatures
- Diabetes (correct)
- Immunodeficiency
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of chronic arterial obstructions pathology?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of chronic arterial obstructions pathology?
What is the primary focus of treatment and interventions for Varicos veins pathology?
What is the primary focus of treatment and interventions for Varicos veins pathology?
Which of the following is a potential serious complication of Venus insufficiencies and obstructions pathology?
Which of the following is a potential serious complication of Venus insufficiencies and obstructions pathology?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is most closely associated with Buerger's pathology?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is most closely associated with Buerger's pathology?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is specifically associated with chronic bronchitis, as opposed to emphysema, within the context of COPD?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is specifically associated with chronic bronchitis, as opposed to emphysema, within the context of COPD?
Which of the following respiratory patterns is directly associated with an overdose?
Which of the following respiratory patterns is directly associated with an overdose?
Which of the following interventions is specifically recommended for patients with obstructive sleep apnea to improve their condition?
Which of the following interventions is specifically recommended for patients with obstructive sleep apnea to improve their condition?
Which of the following is a direct consequence of the pathology in obstructive sleep apnea?
Which of the following is a direct consequence of the pathology in obstructive sleep apnea?
What is the primary difference between the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
What is the primary difference between the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
What is the normal range for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)?
What is the normal range for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is LEAST likely to be seen in a patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is LEAST likely to be seen in a patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Which of these is a clinical manifestation of Deep Vein Thrombosis?
Which of these is a clinical manifestation of Deep Vein Thrombosis?
Which of the following respiratory conditions is MOST likely to be directly impacted by treatment with bronchodilators?
Which of the following respiratory conditions is MOST likely to be directly impacted by treatment with bronchodilators?
Which condition is characterized by an autosomal dominant disorder that affects factor eight factor and effects both men and women?
Which condition is characterized by an autosomal dominant disorder that affects factor eight factor and effects both men and women?
What is the significance of a PAO2 level below 40 mmHg?
What is the significance of a PAO2 level below 40 mmHg?
Which of these dietary restrictions are recommended for patients with being treated for TB?
Which of these dietary restrictions are recommended for patients with being treated for TB?
What is the primary intervention for a patient with ITP and a platelet count less than 30,000?
What is the primary intervention for a patient with ITP and a platelet count less than 30,000?
What is a potential symptom of right-sided heart failure that is NOT typically observed in left-sided heart failure?
What is a potential symptom of right-sided heart failure that is NOT typically observed in left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following interventions is NOT typically used in the treatment of myocardial infarction or angina?
Which of the following interventions is NOT typically used in the treatment of myocardial infarction or angina?
What is a characteristic sign of age-related heart changes that might suggest a possible progression to heart failure?
What is a characteristic sign of age-related heart changes that might suggest a possible progression to heart failure?
Which statement BEST describes the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin in the treatment of angina?
Which statement BEST describes the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin in the treatment of angina?
Which of these conditions is primarily characterized by increased resistance to pulmonary arterial flow?
Which of these conditions is primarily characterized by increased resistance to pulmonary arterial flow?
What is a typical clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure that arises from backward flow in the circulatory system?
What is a typical clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure that arises from backward flow in the circulatory system?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of right-sided heart failure?
What is the primary rationale for elevating the head of bed to 45° when caring for a patient with a tube feeding?
What is the primary rationale for elevating the head of bed to 45° when caring for a patient with a tube feeding?
Which clinical manifestation is most directly linked to the pathological changes seen in emphysema, as opposed to chronic bronchitis within COPD?
Which clinical manifestation is most directly linked to the pathological changes seen in emphysema, as opposed to chronic bronchitis within COPD?
Which of the following is a key pathological feature distinguishing acute bronchitis from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Which of the following is a key pathological feature distinguishing acute bronchitis from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Which respiratory pattern, characterized by a regular cycle of increasing and decreasing breathing followed by apnea, is most closely associated with worsening lung function and potential respiratory failure?
Which respiratory pattern, characterized by a regular cycle of increasing and decreasing breathing followed by apnea, is most closely associated with worsening lung function and potential respiratory failure?
Which clinical manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea is most likely to lead to the development of hypoxemia and polycythemia over time?
Which clinical manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea is most likely to lead to the development of hypoxemia and polycythemia over time?
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of the pathology in obstructive sleep apnea?
Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of the pathology in obstructive sleep apnea?
In the context of Ankylosing Spondylitis, which respiratory system involvement is MOST likely to contribute to reduced pulmonary function over time?
In the context of Ankylosing Spondylitis, which respiratory system involvement is MOST likely to contribute to reduced pulmonary function over time?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the primary difference between the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both components of COPD?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the primary difference between the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both components of COPD?
Which of the following interventions is MOST LIKELY to be effective in improving chest expansion and reducing hypoventilation in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea?
Which of the following interventions is MOST LIKELY to be effective in improving chest expansion and reducing hypoventilation in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea?
Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for hypertension?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis in patients?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis in patients?
Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for patients with hypertension?
Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for patients with hypertension?
What is the recommended daily potassium intake for patients with hypertension?
What is the recommended daily potassium intake for patients with hypertension?
Which of these conditions is NOT directly related to atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis?
Which of these conditions is NOT directly related to atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis?
What is the recommended BMI range for individuals to help manage hypertension?
What is the recommended BMI range for individuals to help manage hypertension?
What is the defining characteristic of a hypertensive emergency?
What is the defining characteristic of a hypertensive emergency?
Which of the following is TRUE about orthostatic hypotension?
Which of the following is TRUE about orthostatic hypotension?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is specifically associated with aortic stenosis, but not necessarily with mitral valve stenosis?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is specifically associated with aortic stenosis, but not necessarily with mitral valve stenosis?
Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism of circulatory hypoxia?
Which of the following correctly describes the mechanism of circulatory hypoxia?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a loud, high-pitched, blowing murmur that radiates to the axilla?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a loud, high-pitched, blowing murmur that radiates to the axilla?
What is the primary pathological change occurring in rheumatic heart disease that leads to valve dysfunction?
What is the primary pathological change occurring in rheumatic heart disease that leads to valve dysfunction?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is NOT associated with pericarditis?
Which of the following clinical manifestations is NOT associated with pericarditis?
Which of the following is a hallmark clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a hallmark clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism by which chronic pericarditis leads to heart dysfunction?
What is the primary mechanism by which chronic pericarditis leads to heart dysfunction?
Which of the following is a common treatment intervention for both aortic stenosis and mitral valve stenosis?
Which of the following is a common treatment intervention for both aortic stenosis and mitral valve stenosis?
What of the following would you not be suspect with ST elevation?
What of the following would you not be suspect with ST elevation?
Which laboratory value requires monthly monitoring for patients taking Isoniazid?
Which laboratory value requires monthly monitoring for patients taking Isoniazid?
Why would Tylenol be recommended over NSAIDs for pain management in a patient with hemophilia?
Why would Tylenol be recommended over NSAIDs for pain management in a patient with hemophilia?
Which of the following best describes the underlying issue in Von Willebrand Disease?
Which of the following best describes the underlying issue in Von Willebrand Disease?
What is the primary risk associated to membranes, GI, and pulmonary systems with Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)?
What is the primary risk associated to membranes, GI, and pulmonary systems with Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)?
Which platelet count level is most associated with spontaneous bleeding?
Which platelet count level is most associated with spontaneous bleeding?
Why is exercise contraindicated in the acute phase of a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
Why is exercise contraindicated in the acute phase of a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
A patient with hemophilia presents with joint pain. Which analgesic should be administered?
A patient with hemophilia presents with joint pain. Which analgesic should be administered?
What are the components of Beck's Triad?
What are the components of Beck's Triad?
What is the primary concern associated with ST-segment elevation on an EKG?
What is the primary concern associated with ST-segment elevation on an EKG?
What sound would you hear if a patient had mitral valve regurgitation?
What sound would you hear if a patient had mitral valve regurgitation?
A patient with mitral valve stenosis is MOST at risk for which of the following complications?
A patient with mitral valve stenosis is MOST at risk for which of the following complications?
Which of the following assessment findings MOST directly relates to the pathophysiology of aortic valve stenosis?
Which of the following assessment findings MOST directly relates to the pathophysiology of aortic valve stenosis?
Which of the following is the most concerning sign/symptom when a patient has bradycardia?
Which of the following is the most concerning sign/symptom when a patient has bradycardia?
A patient with aortic valve stenosis would display which of the following heart murmurs?
A patient with aortic valve stenosis would display which of the following heart murmurs?
If a patient had an ICD placed and the nurse now hears muffled sounds in the patient's chest, what does this indicate?
If a patient had an ICD placed and the nurse now hears muffled sounds in the patient's chest, what does this indicate?
A patient with angina is admitted to the ER, and after initial interventions, their chest pain normalizes. Their CK isoenzyme levels are within normal limits after 24 hours. What is the MOST appropriate next step in evaluating this patient?
A patient with angina is admitted to the ER, and after initial interventions, their chest pain normalizes. Their CK isoenzyme levels are within normal limits after 24 hours. What is the MOST appropriate next step in evaluating this patient?
An elderly patient is being assessed. Which age-related cardiovascular change should the nurse consider when evaluating the patient?
An elderly patient is being assessed. Which age-related cardiovascular change should the nurse consider when evaluating the patient?
A patient receiving continuous tube feeding develops significant abdominal distention and reports increased weakness. The patient is currently receiving a diuretic. What is the MOST appropriate initial nursing intervention?
A patient receiving continuous tube feeding develops significant abdominal distention and reports increased weakness. The patient is currently receiving a diuretic. What is the MOST appropriate initial nursing intervention?
A patient is experiencing dizziness, nausea, and has a consistently low heart rate (HR). Which medication should MOST likely be held/questioned before administering?
A patient is experiencing dizziness, nausea, and has a consistently low heart rate (HR). Which medication should MOST likely be held/questioned before administering?
Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) results is most consistent with a patient experiencing COPD exacerbation?
Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) results is most consistent with a patient experiencing COPD exacerbation?
A patient with chronic bronchitis is being monitored for complications. Which laboratory finding would suggest the development of polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism?
A patient with chronic bronchitis is being monitored for complications. Which laboratory finding would suggest the development of polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism?
Which of the following is the most important teaching point for a patient newly diagnosed with acute bronchitis regarding the self-limiting nature of the condition?
Which of the following is the most important teaching point for a patient newly diagnosed with acute bronchitis regarding the self-limiting nature of the condition?
Which of the following abnormal breathing patterns is characterized by irregular periods of normal breathing followed by abrupt periods of apnea and is most likely associated with neurological issues?
Which of the following abnormal breathing patterns is characterized by irregular periods of normal breathing followed by abrupt periods of apnea and is most likely associated with neurological issues?
For a patient with a BMI of 35 and diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which intervention would most directly address the underlying pathology contributing to their condition?
For a patient with a BMI of 35 and diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which intervention would most directly address the underlying pathology contributing to their condition?
A 25-year-old male presents with chronic low back pain and stiffness, and is subsequently diagnosed with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Which of the following respiratory complications is most likely to develop as the disease progresses?
A 25-year-old male presents with chronic low back pain and stiffness, and is subsequently diagnosed with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Which of the following respiratory complications is most likely to develop as the disease progresses?
Which intervention should be prioritized for a patient with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis presenting with increased dyspnea and copious mucopurulent secretions?
Which intervention should be prioritized for a patient with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis presenting with increased dyspnea and copious mucopurulent secretions?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST indicative of a tension pneumothorax?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST indicative of a tension pneumothorax?
A patient presents with night sweats, a chronic cough, and recent weight loss. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to initiate FIRST, based solely on the information provided?
A patient presents with night sweats, a chronic cough, and recent weight loss. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to initiate FIRST, based solely on the information provided?
Which of the following is the MOST important teaching point for a positioning a patient for a thoracentesis?
Which of the following is the MOST important teaching point for a positioning a patient for a thoracentesis?
A patient with known TB is being discharged. What should the nurse emphasize regarding medication adherence?
A patient with known TB is being discharged. What should the nurse emphasize regarding medication adherence?
What is a potential treatment intervention for patients suffering from Venous Insufficiencies?
What is a potential treatment intervention for patients suffering from Venous Insufficiencies?
What symptoms characterize Raynaud's phenomenon?
What symptoms characterize Raynaud's phenomenon?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to present with deep, circular, black ulcers on the toes?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to present with deep, circular, black ulcers on the toes?
What is a critical clinical manifestation of Buerger's disease?
What is a critical clinical manifestation of Buerger's disease?
Which statement accurately describes a recommended lifestyle change for managing Raynaud's phenomenon?
Which statement accurately describes a recommended lifestyle change for managing Raynaud's phenomenon?
What is a common complication associated with advanced venous insufficiency?
What is a common complication associated with advanced venous insufficiency?
What is the primary pathological effect of venous insufficiency?
What is the primary pathological effect of venous insufficiency?
Which of the following treatments is essential in preventing complications of Buerger's disease?
Which of the following treatments is essential in preventing complications of Buerger's disease?
Which of the following would be signs and symptoms indicative of heart failure in the elderly?
Which of the following would be signs and symptoms indicative of heart failure in the elderly?
What is the first step in a patient complaining on angina
What is the first step in a patient complaining on angina
Flashcards
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A progressive lung disease characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by smoking and irritant exposure.
Clinical Manifestations of COPD
Clinical Manifestations of COPD
Symptoms include tachypnea, barrel chest, and coughing with mucopurulent sputum, reflecting the severity of airflow obstruction.
Chronic Bronchitis Symptoms
Chronic Bronchitis Symptoms
Characterized by cough and production of mucopurulent mucus, often observed in overweight individuals.
Pathology of Acute Bronchitis
Pathology of Acute Bronchitis
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Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
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Cor Pulmonale
Cor Pulmonale
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
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Pulmonary Embolism Complications
Pulmonary Embolism Complications
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Reynaud's Pathology
Reynaud's Pathology
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Buerger's Disease
Buerger's Disease
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Venous Insufficiency
Venous Insufficiency
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Venous Stasis Ulcers
Venous Stasis Ulcers
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Barcos Veins Pathology
Barcos Veins Pathology
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Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
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Chronic Arterial Obstructions
Chronic Arterial Obstructions
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Atherosclerosis risk factors
Atherosclerosis risk factors
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Hypertensive emergencies
Hypertensive emergencies
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Modifiable risk factors
Modifiable risk factors
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Orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
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Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
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Bradycardia concerns
Bradycardia concerns
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Exercise recommendations
Exercise recommendations
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Diet for hypertension
Diet for hypertension
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Liver panels frequency
Liver panels frequency
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Conditions to avoid with liver
Conditions to avoid with liver
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Normal PAO2 levels
Normal PAO2 levels
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Hemophilia genetics
Hemophilia genetics
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Von Willebrand disease
Von Willebrand disease
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Immune thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
Immune thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
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Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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ST elevation
ST elevation
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Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade
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Beck's Triad
Beck's Triad
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Mitral valve regurgitation
Mitral valve regurgitation
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Aortic stenosis
Aortic stenosis
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Pericarditis
Pericarditis
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Left-sided heart failure
Left-sided heart failure
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Circulatory hypoxia
Circulatory hypoxia
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Right-sided cor pulmonale
Right-sided cor pulmonale
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Clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure
Clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure
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Right-sided heart failure symptoms
Right-sided heart failure symptoms
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Myocardial infarction pathology
Myocardial infarction pathology
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Angina
Angina
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Normal CK isoenzyme after chest pain
Normal CK isoenzyme after chest pain
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Age-related cardiac concerns
Age-related cardiac concerns
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Tube feeding guidelines
Tube feeding guidelines
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Pleural Effusion
Pleural Effusion
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Absent Breath Sounds
Absent Breath Sounds
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Thoracentesis
Thoracentesis
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia
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Bronchial Breath Sounds
Bronchial Breath Sounds
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Tension Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax
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Ghon Tubercle
Ghon Tubercle
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Tuberculosis Treatment
Tuberculosis Treatment
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Chronic Bronchitis Pathology
Chronic Bronchitis Pathology
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Emphysema Pathology
Emphysema Pathology
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Clinical Features of COPD
Clinical Features of COPD
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Acute Bronchitis Causes
Acute Bronchitis Causes
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Symptoms
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Ankylosing Spondylitis Manifestations
Ankylosing Spondylitis Manifestations
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Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis
Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis
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Isoniazid with Rifampin
Isoniazid with Rifampin
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Hemophilia Pathophysiology
Hemophilia Pathophysiology
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Thrombocytopenia Definition
Thrombocytopenia Definition
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Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Symptoms
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Symptoms
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DVT Treatment Interventions
DVT Treatment Interventions
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Cardiac Output Increase
Cardiac Output Increase
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Cardiac Tamponade Signs
Cardiac Tamponade Signs
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Aortic Stenosis Symptoms
Aortic Stenosis Symptoms
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Rheumatic Heart Disease Impact
Rheumatic Heart Disease Impact
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Heparin Overdose
Heparin Overdose
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Complication of Pulmonary Embolism
Complication of Pulmonary Embolism
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Raynaud's Syndrome
Raynaud's Syndrome
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Varicose Veins
Varicose Veins
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Peripheral Vascular Disease
Peripheral Vascular Disease
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Symptoms of Venous Stasis Ulcers
Symptoms of Venous Stasis Ulcers
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Atypical Angina Symptoms
Atypical Angina Symptoms
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Tube Feeding Care
Tube Feeding Care
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Bacterial Infection Treatment
Bacterial Infection Treatment
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Blood Donation Criteria
Blood Donation Criteria
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Common Angina Treatments
Common Angina Treatments
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Study Notes
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Pathology: Chronic bronchitis related to smoking and repeated airway infections; emphysema related to smoking and chronic irritants.
- Clinical Manifestations: Leaning forward, hand on knees, tachypnea, respiratory acidosis (low pH, high CO2, low O2), barrel chest, thin build (in emphysema), overweight (in bronchitis), coughing with mucopurulent mucus.
- Treatments/Interventions: Monitor for polycythemia, rest, elevate head of bed, vital signs, pulse oximetry, bronchodilators, mucolytics, cough/deep breathing exercises, pulmonary secretion removal.
Acute Bronchitis
- Pathology: Viral or non-viral smoke inhalation, allergic reaction, airway inflammation/narrowing, swelling, mucus production, decreased ciliary function.
- Clinical Manifestations: Cough (recent onset), sore throat, postnasal drip, fever; mild and self-limiting.
- Treatments/Interventions: Monitor symptoms, rest, nutrition, fluids. May require bronchodilators; typically self-limiting.
Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Pathology: Body mass index (BMI) over 30; decreased Avola ventilation leading to hypoxemia, polycythemia, and cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease). Overworking and enlargement of the right side of the heart.
- Clinical Manifestations: Loud snoring, apneas (10 seconds or longer), low fowlers position, diaphragmatic chest expansion, decreased hypoventilation.
- Treatments/Interventions: Weight loss, CPAP or BiPAP, education.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Pathology: Unknown cause; transient acute arthritis of peripheral joints; chronic inflammation at ligamentous insertion to spine or sacral iliac joints; pulmonary fibrosis in upper lobes.
- Clinical Manifestations: Limited chest expansion.
Other Respiratory Conditions
- Plural Effusion: Fluid or pus in pleural cavity; absent breath sounds, shortness of breath, pleuritic pain; Treatment: Thoracentesis.
- Pneumonia: Alveoli inflammation; Mycoplasma, legionella, anaerobic, fungal (aspergillus); risk factors: elderly, comorbidities, antibiotic use/immunosuppression. Clinical manifestations: Bronchial breath sounds, fever, chills, cough, headache. Treatment: Sputum cultures; oral/IV antibiotics.
- Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Restrictive, occupational disease (non-smokers); risk factors are exposure to organic dusts (farming & avian). Clinical manifestations: Dyspnea, non-productive cough, fever (variable durations); treatment: Removing cause of exposure or limiting exposure.
- Tension Pneumothorax: Trauma induced; penetrating/non-penetrating injury, central line; thoracentesis; lung biopsy; ventilators. Clinical manifestations: Tracheal shift, shortness of breath, dyspnea, severe tachycardia, hypotension. Treatment: Emergency thoracentesis, chest tube.
- Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium infection; inhaled, alveolar macrophages ingest; granuloma formation; risk factors: immunosuppression, HIV, tight living spaces; can be latent for years. Clinical manifestations: Diaphoresis - soaking sheets, weight loss - Treatment: Medications (isoniazid with rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) for 8 weeks; followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 7 months. Need monthly liver function tests (LFTs). Avoid certain foods (tuna, aged cheese, red wine, soy sauce, yeast).
- Hemophilia: X-linked recessive; deficient factor VIII, factor IX; intrinsic pathway coagulation abnormality; spontaneous bleeding. Clinical manifestations: Easy bruising, spontaneous bleeding.
- von Willebrand Disease: Autosomal dominant; affects factor VIII and platelet dysfunction; leads to excessive bleeding. Clinical manifestations: Mucosal and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding; excessive bleeding after surgery.
- Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Autoimmune; inflammation of small vessels; risk factors are medication, allergy; clinical manifestations: Bruising, heavy menses, petechia. Risks for GI & pulmonary bleeding interventions: monitoring platelet counts, education on bleeding precautions.
- Thrombocytopenia: Reduced platelet count; below 150,000; severe symptoms below 20,000.
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Thrombosis in leg veins; clinical manifestations: edema, tenderness, inflammation; pain relief: elevation, moist heat.
Other Conditions
- Reynard's Phenomenon: Vasospastic disorder; extreme vasoconstriction; risk factors: cold temps, smoking, trauma, immuno deficiency. Clinical manifestations: Cyanosis, pain, numbness. Avoid cold temperatures and smoking.
- Buerger's Disease: Inflammatory condition; affects medium-sized arteries and veins; Risk factors: Smokers; clinical manifestations: Decreased arterial flow (cold extremity, hair/pulse loss, ulcers); Potential for amputation.
- Venus Insufficiency/Obstructions: Heart disease and incompetent valves; redness, edema, pain, venous stasis ulcers, warmth; Treatment and Interventions: Elevate legs, compression stockings, exercise, avoiding prolonged standing.
- Barcos Veins: Impaired venous return due to standing, pressure, and pulling; Clinical manifestations include aching, heavy discomfort, darkened, tortuous veins, and venus ulcers; treatment and interventions: Elevation of legs.
- Peripheral Vascular Disease: Insufficient blood flow to tissues; clinical manifestations include ulcers (great toe), dry gangrene, painful areas (around proximal joint spaces).
Additional notes
- Hypertension: Modifiable risk factors: physical activity, decreasing blood glucose; Non-modifiable risk factors; including age, genetics, ethnicity, race. Clinical manifestations: Elevated blood pressure (diastolic/systolic) and organ damage.
- Orthostatic hypotension: Drop in systolic/diastolic blood pressure upon standing.
- Cardiac Tamponade: Muffled heart sounds, hypotension, and jugular vein distention ; Treatment: immediate intervention, often emergency pericardiocentesis.
- Circulatory Hypoxia: Decreased cardiac output, obstruction in artery/veins.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Acute Bronchitis. This quiz covers the pathology, clinical manifestations, and treatments of both conditions, focusing on their similarities and differences. Learn more about coping strategies, key interventions, and relevant clinical features.
