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Questions and Answers
What term describes an organism's genetic makeup?
What term describes an organism's genetic makeup?
Which base is NOT one of the building blocks of DNA?
Which base is NOT one of the building blocks of DNA?
What process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
What process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
Which mutation involves the addition of nucleotides to a DNA segment?
Which mutation involves the addition of nucleotides to a DNA segment?
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What is the term for the loss of one or more nucleotides in DNA?
What is the term for the loss of one or more nucleotides in DNA?
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What are autosomal chromosomes?
What are autosomal chromosomes?
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What is the relationship defined as dominant in genetics?
What is the relationship defined as dominant in genetics?
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What does the process of imprinting involve?
What does the process of imprinting involve?
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What do nucleotides serve as in nucleic acids?
What do nucleotides serve as in nucleic acids?
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What is the significance of amino acids?
What is the significance of amino acids?
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What is the main function of the cell division process called mitosis?
What is the main function of the cell division process called mitosis?
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What does RNA splicing accomplish?
What does RNA splicing accomplish?
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What is a gamete?
What is a gamete?
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Study Notes
Chromosomes and DNA
- Chromosomes are structures found within the nucleus of a cell, carrying genetic information in the form of DNA.
- Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins found within human cells.
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule containing the genetic code for an organism's development, function, and growth.
- Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- Double helix is the physical structure of DNA, consisting of two nucleotide strands twisted around each other.
- Genes are functional units of heredity, located on chromosomes, and responsible for specific traits.
Gene Expression and Genetic Variation
- Alleles are variations of a gene or DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome.
- Genotype refers to an organism's complete set of genes.
- Phenotype describes the observable characteristics of an organism, influenced by both genotype and environment.
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence, which can occur during cell division.
- Somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells and affect the individual but are not passed on to offspring.
- Gonadal mutations occur in reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring.
- Translation is the process of converting information in DNA into proteins.
- RNA splicing is the process of removing non-coding regions (introns) from pre-mRNA and joining the coding regions (exons) to create mature mRNA.
- Mitosis is cell division where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis is cell division specific to sexually reproducing organisms, resulting in gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes.
Genetic Inheritance and Traits
- Autosomal chromosomes are numbered 1-22 in humans and are not sex chromosomes.
- X-linked traits are influenced by genes on the X chromosome.
- Mendelian inheritance describes patterns of how traits are passed from parent to offspring.
- Dominant traits are expressed even when only one copy of the gene is present.
- Recessive traits require both copies of the gene to be abnormal for the trait to be expressed.
- Imprinting is a process where only one copy of a gene is expressed, depending on whether it was inherited from the mother or father.
Genetic Processes
- Replication is the process of copying the genome's DNA in cells.
- Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a piece of DNA.
- mRNA (messenger RNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule carrying genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Other Related Terms
- Microdeletions are deletions of genetic material on chromosomes, too small to be seen under a microscope.
- Congenital disorders are structural or functional anomalies present at birth, caused by genetic factors or environmental influences.
- Radiation can damage DNA and lead to mutations.
- Recombination is the joining of DNA molecules from two different species.
- Insertion is a type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are added to a segment of DNA.
- Gene sequencing is a laboratory technique determining the order of the four bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) that make up DNA.
- Deletion is a type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are lost from a segment of DNA.
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Description
Test your knowledge on chromosomes and DNA structures, including nucleotides, the double helix, genes, and genetic variation. This quiz explores fundamental concepts of genetics and their implications for heredity and phenotype.
