2GT3 Chapter 1 + 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the main event of telophase in mitosis?

  • Disjunction of sister chromatids
  • Reappearance of the nuclear envelope
  • Formation of cell plate in plant cells (correct)
  • Uncoiling of chromosomes

What is the function of shugoshin during mitosis?

  • Contributes to cell stability
  • Protects cohesin from being degraded by separase (correct)
  • Holds sister chromatids together
  • Connects to chromosomes via kinetochore

During which phase do chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plate?

  • Prophase
  • Anaphase
  • Metaphase (correct)
  • Telophase

Which type of microtubules contribute to cell stability during mitosis?

<p>Astral microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the G0 stage of the cell cycle?

<p>Cells in G0 are viable and metabolically active but non-proliferative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the nuclear envelope in prophase of mitosis?

<p>It begins to break down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of karyokinesis during cellular division?

<p>Results in 2 identical daughter nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cancer cells manage to avoid or skip the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

<p>They have mechanisms that allow them to bypass the G0 stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes interphase cytologically?

<p>Absence of visible chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of separase cleaving the cohesin complex during anaphase?

<p>Disjunction of sister chromatids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum in cells?

<p>Synthesizing fatty acids and phospholipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the oxidative phases of cellular respiration?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains their own DNA and is responsible for photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle does mitosis occur?

<p>M phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of centrioles and spindle fibers in cell division?

<p>Controlling the movement of chromosomes during cell division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of filaments compose the cytoskeleton?

<p>Actin, tubulin, and keratin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is genetic information carried in cells?

<p>DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of gene expression?

<p>Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for directing the metabolic activities of cells?

<p>DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are found in the nucleus of cells and contain genetic information?

<p>Chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic number of chromosomes for humans?

<p>46 chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process do researchers observe the behavior of chromosomes?

<p>Mitosis and meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are variants of a gene controlling a trait called?

<p>Alleles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did researchers determine was responsible for genetic information?

<p>DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who used X-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA in 1953?

<p>Francis Crick and James Watson (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subunits of DNA called?

<p>Nucleotides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotide pairs with adenine in DNA?

<p>Thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaces thymine in RNA?

<p>Uracil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism?

<p>Genotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homologous chromosomes are observed during which processes?

<p>Mitosis and meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Dogma

The process of genetic information flow: DNA to RNA to proteins.

Proteins

Molecules made from 20 amino acids, determining cell functions and traits.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material carrying instructions for life.

Genes

Segments of DNA that direct metabolic activities in organisms.

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Mitosis

Cell division producing two identical daughter cells.

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Meiosis

Specialized cell division creating gametes with half the chromosome number.

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Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, regulating entry and exit of substances.

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell, housing organelles.

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Nucleus

Cell structure housing DNA; control center for cell activity.

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Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments providing shape and support to the cell.

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Microfilaments

Thin protein fibers aiding in cell movement and shape maintenance.

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Microtubules

Thicker protein tubes, part of the cytoskeleton, aiding transport and structure.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network aiding in protein and lipid synthesis; comes in rough and smooth forms.

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Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration; have their own DNA.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plants that conduct photosynthesis; contain their own DNA.

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Centrioles

Cylindrical structures aiding in cell division by organizing spindle fibers.

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Spindle Fibers

Proteins that pull chromosomes apart during cell division.

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Chromosomes

Structures in the nucleus carrying genetic information; shape varies based on centromere location.

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of chromosomes formed during DNA replication.

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Loci

Specific locations on chromosomes where genes are found.

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Alleles

Different forms of a gene located at the same locus.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism determining its traits.

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Phenotype

Observable traits of an organism, influenced by genotype and environment.

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Gene Expression

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, usually proteins.

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Cell Division

The process where a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

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Metabolic Activities

Chemical processes necessary for growth and function in living organisms.

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Cell Structure

The arrangement of parts within a cell, including organelles and cytoplasm.

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Study Notes

  • The Central Dogma is a key concept in molecular biology, describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
  • Proteins, which are made up of 20 different amino acids, are the end products of gene expression and have unique shapes and chemical properties determined by their amino acid sequences.
  • Genetic information is carried by Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and is organized into genes, which direct the metabolic activities of cells. Mitosis and meiosis are the major processes involved in the transmission of genetic information.
  • The structure of cells includes a plasma membrane, glycocalyx, nucleus (with chromatin and chromosomes), and cytoplasm, which contains organelles and the cytoskeleton.
  • The cytoskeleton is composed of interlinked proteins called filaments, including microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, which maintain the shape and facilitate movement and anchoring of organelles.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a compartmentalized structure that increases the surface area for biochemical synthesis, with smooth and rough variations that synthesize fatty acids, phospholipids, and proteins, respectively.
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are responsible for the oxidative phases of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively.
  • Centrioles and spindle fibers are important for the movement of chromosomes during cell division and are composed of tubulin polymers.
  • Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of cells, containing genetic information, and come in various shapes and sizes depending on their centromere positions.
  • Chromosomes consist of sister chromatids, which are identical copies of the genetic material, and have specific gene sites, or loci, that carry alternate forms, or alleles.
  • Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype describes the observable traits and characteristics.
  • Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells, and is essential for the growth and development of organisms through the formation of new cells, such as during wound healing and normal cell replacement.
  • The text provides information on various cell structures and processes, including the central dogma, proteins, DNA and chromosomes, cell structure and function, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

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Test your knowledge on chromosomes, their numbers, and behavior during cell division in eukaryotes. Learn about diploid chromosomes, homologous chromosomes, and the process of mitosis and meiosis.

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