30 Questions
What is the main event of telophase in mitosis?
Formation of cell plate in plant cells
What is the function of shugoshin during mitosis?
Protects cohesin from being degraded by separase
During which phase do chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plate?
Metaphase
Which type of microtubules contribute to cell stability during mitosis?
Astral microtubules
What is true about the G0 stage of the cell cycle?
Cells in G0 are viable and metabolically active but non-proliferative
What happens to the nuclear envelope in prophase of mitosis?
It begins to break down
What is the main function of karyokinesis during cellular division?
Results in 2 identical daughter nuclei
Why do cancer cells manage to avoid or skip the G0 phase of the cell cycle?
They have mechanisms that allow them to bypass the G0 stage
What characterizes interphase cytologically?
Absence of visible chromosomes
What is the result of separase cleaving the cohesin complex during anaphase?
Disjunction of sister chromatids
What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum in cells?
Synthesizing fatty acids and phospholipids
What is responsible for the oxidative phases of cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
Which structure contains their own DNA and is responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
In which phase of the cell cycle does mitosis occur?
M phase
What is the main function of centrioles and spindle fibers in cell division?
Controlling the movement of chromosomes during cell division
What type of filaments compose the cytoskeleton?
Actin, tubulin, and keratin
Where is genetic information carried in cells?
DNA
What is the end product of gene expression?
Proteins
What is responsible for directing the metabolic activities of cells?
DNA
What structures are found in the nucleus of cells and contain genetic information?
Chromosomes
What is the characteristic number of chromosomes for humans?
46 chromosomes
During which process do researchers observe the behavior of chromosomes?
Mitosis and meiosis
What are variants of a gene controlling a trait called?
Alleles
What did researchers determine was responsible for genetic information?
DNA
Who used X-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA in 1953?
Francis Crick and James Watson
What are the subunits of DNA called?
Nucleotides
Which nucleotide pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine
What replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil
What is the term for the set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism?
Genotype
Homologous chromosomes are observed during which processes?
Mitosis and meiosis
Study Notes
- The Central Dogma is a key concept in molecular biology, describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
- Proteins, which are made up of 20 different amino acids, are the end products of gene expression and have unique shapes and chemical properties determined by their amino acid sequences.
- Genetic information is carried by Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and is organized into genes, which direct the metabolic activities of cells. Mitosis and meiosis are the major processes involved in the transmission of genetic information.
- The structure of cells includes a plasma membrane, glycocalyx, nucleus (with chromatin and chromosomes), and cytoplasm, which contains organelles and the cytoskeleton.
- The cytoskeleton is composed of interlinked proteins called filaments, including microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, which maintain the shape and facilitate movement and anchoring of organelles.
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a compartmentalized structure that increases the surface area for biochemical synthesis, with smooth and rough variations that synthesize fatty acids, phospholipids, and proteins, respectively.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are responsible for the oxidative phases of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively.
- Centrioles and spindle fibers are important for the movement of chromosomes during cell division and are composed of tubulin polymers.
- Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of cells, containing genetic information, and come in various shapes and sizes depending on their centromere positions.
- Chromosomes consist of sister chromatids, which are identical copies of the genetic material, and have specific gene sites, or loci, that carry alternate forms, or alleles.
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype describes the observable traits and characteristics.
- Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells, and is essential for the growth and development of organisms through the formation of new cells, such as during wound healing and normal cell replacement.
- The text provides information on various cell structures and processes, including the central dogma, proteins, DNA and chromosomes, cell structure and function, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Test your knowledge on chromosomes, their numbers, and behavior during cell division in eukaryotes. Learn about diploid chromosomes, homologous chromosomes, and the process of mitosis and meiosis.
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