Chordates: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Craniata

The highly vascular skin facilitates cutaneous respiration, allowing for significant gas exchange, up to 90% in some salamanders.

During metamorphosis, tadpoles develop limbs and lungs, and their tails are reabsorbed while other changes occur in the head and digestive tract.

Buccopharyngeal respiration allows amphibians to utilize moist surfaces of the mouth and pharynx for gas exchange, contributing 1% to 7% of their respiration.

<p>Larvae often use external gills for gas exchange, while adults primarily rely on lungs and skin due to their development of limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphibians are threatened by water and airborne pollutants that easily penetrate their thin, permeable skin, leading to health issues and decline in populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zygapophyses prevent twisting of the vertebrae, providing support and stability during movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In aquatic environments, gas exchange occurs through cutaneous means, while on land, they may rely on behaviors to conserve water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The single cervical vertebra supports the head's movement, while the single sacral vertebra connects the spine to the pelvic girdle, aiding locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necturus primarily produces ammonia and urea, excreting excess water in aquatic settings while conserving water behaviors on land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system, including lymphatic hearts and spaces, helps in the distribution of fluids and supports immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutaneous gas exchange is achieved through the skin, allowing oxygen to diffuse directly into the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necturus uses nocturnal activity, specific body postures, and the creation of cocoons to reduce water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurosecretions from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland regulate excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory functions, such as olfactory and visual cues, are essential during courtship to attract mates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fertilization in Necturus is usually external, taking place in moist environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parental care includes attendance at egg clutches and transportation of eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necturus employs a flip-and-grab technique to capture prey effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necturus possesses a separation between pulmonary and systemic circuits to optimize gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nocturnal behavior reduces exposure to heat, minimizing water loss and aiding osmotic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As carnivores, adults have adaptations for hunting, while larvae, as herbivores, necessitate different digestive strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The secondary palate separates the nasal and mouth passageways, allowing for simultaneous breathing while eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crocodilians have a heart with two atria and a ventricle that is incompletely divided, unlike other reptiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reptiles utilize negative pressure ventilation, where rib and body wall movement expands the body cavity to draw air into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectothermic organisms cannot generate their own heat, while endothermic organisms can maintain a constant body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Snakes possess moveable bones in their skull and upper jaw, which enables them to expand their mouths for large prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reptiles engage in behaviors like sun orientation and seeking shade to regulate their body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphibians have a buccopharyngeal cavity without a secondary palate, unlike reptiles which possess this adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sinus venosus serves as a pacemaker to regulate heartbeats in reptiles, contributing to efficient blood circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rib movement creates a negative pressure in the body cavity, allowing air to be drawn into the lungs for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ecdysis facilitates growth and removes parasites or old skin, allowing for renewal of the epidermal layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuataras possess a third eye above their heads, which is thought to help regulate circadian rhythms and detect light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The glottis opens forward in the mouth, allowing snakes to breathe while consuming prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lizard tongues are protrusible, meaning they can extend forward, whereas turtle tongues are non-protrusible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical vertebrae provide neck mobility, while sacral vertebrae attach the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column for support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reptiles behaviorally regulate temperature by basking in sun or seeking shade to maintain optimal body heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers