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Questions and Answers
What type of skeleton do cartilaginous fish possess?
What type of skeleton do cartilaginous fish possess?
Which type of reproduction is characterized by the development of eggs that hatch internally in cartilaginous fish?
Which type of reproduction is characterized by the development of eggs that hatch internally in cartilaginous fish?
Which fin shape is commonly associated with bony fish for rapid movement?
Which fin shape is commonly associated with bony fish for rapid movement?
What adaptation helps cartilaginous fish maintain buoyancy?
What adaptation helps cartilaginous fish maintain buoyancy?
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What is the primary function of the lateral line system in cartilaginous fish?
What is the primary function of the lateral line system in cartilaginous fish?
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What type of coloration allows fish to blend in with their surroundings for camouflage?
What type of coloration allows fish to blend in with their surroundings for camouflage?
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Which characteristic is true of cartilaginous fish regarding their gill structure?
Which characteristic is true of cartilaginous fish regarding their gill structure?
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Which of the following best describes the pectoral fins of rays and skates?
Which of the following best describes the pectoral fins of rays and skates?
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What is the primary role of chromatophores in fish?
What is the primary role of chromatophores in fish?
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In which type of fish does the process of filter feeding primarily occur?
In which type of fish does the process of filter feeding primarily occur?
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Which statement accurately describes countershading in fish?
Which statement accurately describes countershading in fish?
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What anatomical feature adds surface area to the intestines of cartilaginous fish?
What anatomical feature adds surface area to the intestines of cartilaginous fish?
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How do bony fish effectively irrigate their gills?
How do bony fish effectively irrigate their gills?
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Which type of fish primarily utilizes mimicry for survival?
Which type of fish primarily utilizes mimicry for survival?
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What component of the gills absorbs oxygen in fish?
What component of the gills absorbs oxygen in fish?
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What type of digestive strategy do predatory bony fish like barracuda primarily exhibit?
What type of digestive strategy do predatory bony fish like barracuda primarily exhibit?
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Which feature is characteristic of all chordates at some point in their life cycle?
Which feature is characteristic of all chordates at some point in their life cycle?
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What is a distinguishing feature of tunicates compared to other chordates?
What is a distinguishing feature of tunicates compared to other chordates?
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Which of the following is true about lancelets?
Which of the following is true about lancelets?
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What defines the swim bladder's function in bony fish?
What defines the swim bladder's function in bony fish?
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Which class of fish lacks true jaws?
Which class of fish lacks true jaws?
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What advantage does the operculum provide bony fish?
What advantage does the operculum provide bony fish?
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What is a key characteristic of jawless fish?
What is a key characteristic of jawless fish?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of bony fish?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of bony fish?
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What is the primary requirement for oxygen to diffuse into the blood during countercurrent exchange?
What is the primary requirement for oxygen to diffuse into the blood during countercurrent exchange?
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How do bony fish adapt to the hypertonic environment of saltwater?
How do bony fish adapt to the hypertonic environment of saltwater?
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What is meant by the term 'anadromous' in fish migration?
What is meant by the term 'anadromous' in fish migration?
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What forms of reproduction involve internal fertilization in fish?
What forms of reproduction involve internal fertilization in fish?
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Which behavior in fish is characterized by defending specific areas to safeguard resources?
Which behavior in fish is characterized by defending specific areas to safeguard resources?
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What role do claspers play in cartilaginous fish reproduction?
What role do claspers play in cartilaginous fish reproduction?
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What is the primary advantage of schooling behavior in fish?
What is the primary advantage of schooling behavior in fish?
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What characterizes the urine produced by bony fish in a hypertonic environment?
What characterizes the urine produced by bony fish in a hypertonic environment?
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Study Notes
Chordates and Marine Fish
- Chordates are a phylum of animals, including vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, mammals), tunicates, and lancelets
- All chordates possess certain characteristics at some point in their lives:
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- Notochord
- Pharyngeal gill slits
- Endostyle or thyroid
- Post-anal tail
Tunicates
- Also known as sea squirts
- Sessile chordates (do not move)
- Possess a tunic, a gelatinous outer covering
- Filter feeders using incurrent and excurrent siphons
- Only larvae have all three chordate characteristics; adults retain only the gills.
- Marine
Lancelets
- Also known as amphioxus
- Retain all three chordate characteristics throughout their life
- Filter feeders
- Marine
Agnathans, Bony Fish, and Cartilaginous Fish
-
Agnathans (jawless fish):
- Eel-like body
- Lack jaws
- Lack scales
- Cartilaginous skeleton
- Parasitic (lampreys) or scavengers (hagfish)
-
Jawed Fish (Bony):
- Freshwater and saltwater
- Calcium-based skeleton
- Overlapping, calcium-based scales
- Operculum (gill flap) for respiration
- Swim bladder - maintain buoyancy
- Paired fins with rays
- Mouth is terminally located
- Caudal fin lobes are typically the same size
- Sensory system with lateral line
- Age can be determined by annular rings on scales
- Reproduction: Internal/external fertilization, oviparous/ovoviviparous
-
Jawed Fish (Cartilaginous):
- Freshwater, saltwater
- Cartilage-based skeleton
- Non-overlapping placoid scales (dermal denticles)
- No operculum, gills directly open
- Mouth is ventrally located
- Upper caudal fin lobe larger than lower
- Paired fleshy fins
- Sensory systems include lateral line and Ampullae of Lorenzini
- Vision is poor over long distances but good for short distances
- Reproduction: Internal fertilization, oviparous/ovoviviparous
Body Design and Locomotion
- Body Shape: Fusiform (e.g., tuna), compressed, depressed, elongate, flattened
- Caudal Fins: Rounded, truncate, forked, lunate, heterocercal
- Body Fins: Pectoral, dorsal, pelvic, anal (paired or sometimes unpaired)
- Locomotion: "S" motion, rhythmic contractions of myomeres (muscle fibers). Adaptations include forked or lunate caudal fins
- Body shape is tailored for specific swimming style and environment
Coloration and Color Changing
- Uses of Color: Camouflage, warning, species recognition, false message
- Types of Camouflage: Cryptic coloration (blending in), disruptive coloration (breaking up outline), countershading (dark dorsal, light ventral)
- Mimicry: Appearing to be something else
- Color-Producing Cells: Chromatophores, iridophores
Feeding and Digestion
- Bony Fish: Predatory (actively hunting, ambush), grazing, or scavenging (carcasses)
-
Cartilaginous Fish: Predatory (hunt and ambush), filter feeding (whale sharks)
- Feeding strategies include using techniques like ambush, using electric rays, and filtering plankton from water
- Digestion involves a process of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus
- Accessory organs like pancreas and liver aid in digestion.
Gas Exchange
- Bony Fish: Opercular movement, water flowing in/out of mouth and opercula over gills. Gills reside in a single chamber
- Cartilaginous Fish: Mouth opening and closing moves water over gills. Gills reside in separate chambers, opening to outside through separate gill slits
- Countercurrent exchange: Oxygen level in water must be higher than blood to diffuse. Blood and water flow in opposite directions. Oxygen diffuses from water to blood
- Retention of oxygen: Rete mirabile (structure) or hemoglobin protein in blood
Osmoregulation
-
Hypertonicity (bony fish): Maintain water balance
- Swallow saltwater or uptake through gills
- Kidney filters excess salts
- Excrete highly concentrated urine
- Cartilaginous fish: Excrete urea to maintain balance
Behavior and Reproduction
- Territories: Defended for limited resources, often during breeding season
- Schooling: Group behavior, size dependent on species, improves swimming efficiency, protection from attack
- Migration: Daily, yearly, or across oceans for specific reasons like spawning (e.g., salmon), or fresh-to-salt water (anadromous) or salt-to-fresh (catadromous)
- Reproduction: Cloaca (urogenital opening), claspers (in cartilaginous fish), courtship rituals (color, drumming, flashing), copulation, spawning, fertilization (internal or external), and development (oviparous or ovoviviparous)
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of chordates, focusing on marine fish such as tunicates and lancelets. Learn about their unique characteristics, including the dorsal hollow nerve cord and notochord. This quiz covers key features of jawless, bony, and cartilaginous fish as well.
