57 Questions
What is the primary function of the knowledge storage in Chomsky's model?
To manipulate language information algorithmically
What is the name of the theory that suggests language learning is an inborn trait?
Nativist view
According to Chomsky's universal grammar, what is the commonality among all human languages?
Common grammatical rules
What is the primary argument of connectionist models in language learning?
Language can be learned through exposure to patterns in language input
What is the key difference between Chomsky's model and connectionist models?
Chomsky's model emphasizes innate knowledge, while connectionist models emphasize environmental interaction
What is the purpose of the universal grammar in Chomsky's model?
To allow children to quickly learn their native language
What was the primary focus of the 1988 PET study?
To examine the neural basis of language processing
What is the primary implication of the comprehension hypothesis?
That language acquisition is a byproduct of comprehensible input
What is the primary difference between phonological and surface dyslexia?
One is related to reading phonetic script, while the other is related to reading pictographic script
What is the primary goal of the natural language approach to second language learning?
To provide comprehensible input through storytelling
What is the average number of words known by a native English speaker?
40,000
What is the primary advantage of the comprehension hypothesis over the skill building hypothesis?
It is more effective
What is the role of the affective filter in language acquisition?
It inhibits language acquisition
What is the primary implication of the 1988 PET study for language processing?
That language processing is a parallel process
What is the primary characteristic of the natural language approach to second language learning?
The use of comprehensible input
What is the primary difference between the direct and indirect approaches to reading?
One involves phonetic decoding, while the other involves recognizing words by sight
What is the primary reason why high anxiety blocks language input?
It prevents the input from penetrating the student's mind
What is the main goal of language learning, according to the social context of speech?
To take into account other people's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis related to?
Language and thought
What is a characteristic of bilingual individuals when responding to personality tests in their two languages?
They exhibit different personality traits in each language
What is a challenge in speech perception, according to the text?
Separating the speaker's voice from background noise
Why do computer voice recognition systems often struggle with speech perception?
Because speech perception is an extremely complicated process
What is the approximate vocabulary size of an average adult?
20,000 words
How many languages are spoken by more than 1 million people?
250 languages
What is the minimum number of speakers required for a language to survive?
100,000 speakers
How many words can an average person learn per day between ages 2 and 18?
7 words per day
What is the estimated number of languages that exist in the world today?
6500 languages
What is the primary method by which infants parse streams of sound into words?
By exploiting their sensitivity to the frequency of correlations in transitional probabilities
What is the result of not being exposed to language in childhood?
Children will only be able to learn vocabulary but not grammar
What is the approximate percentage of phoneme differences in non-native languages that infants can perceive at birth?
95%
What is the primary role of the right hemisphere in language processing?
To interpret a message's emotional tone and decode metaphors
What is the term for the study of the relationship between the brain and language?
Neurolinguistics
What is the name of the approach to reading that involves recognizing whole words by sight and directly understanding their meanings?
Direct Access Route
What is the term for the probability that a second sound will follow a first sound?
Transitional probability
What is the result of the 'hardening of the categories' that occurs in language development?
Children lose the ability to recognize speech sounds from other languages
What is the primary benefit of early exposure to language in childhood?
All of the above
What is the term for the route of reading that involves decoding the phonetic components of words to arrive at their meanings?
Indirect Access Route
What is the primary advantage of the connectionist approach to language comprehension?
It demonstrates the ability to learn complex linguistic skills without explicit linguistic rules
What is the characteristic of stage 1 of children's learning of the English past tense?
They use a small number of very common verbs in the past tense
What is the primary feature of the Bayesian language learning approach?
It detects statistical patterns in language input
What is the primary challenge addressed by Bayesian models of language learning?
Segmenting continuous speech into individual words
What is the significance of transitional probabilities in Bayesian language learning?
They suggest the likelihood of a sound being part of a word
What is the primary critique of innatism provided by Bayesian models of language learning?
Innatism is not necessary for language learning, as Bayesian models show
At what age do infants typically start to emerge with the ability to segment continuous speech into individual words?
8 months
What is the characteristic of stage 2 of children's learning of the English past tense?
They make frequent overregularization errors
What is the primary feature of the Plunkett-Marchman multilayer neural network model of tense learning?
It reproduces the typical trajectory of language learning without explicit linguistic rules
What percentage of the time is a word boundary marked by an actual physical event, such as a pause, in English?
Less than 40%
What is the primary function of the Lipnet, developed by the team at Oxford's AI lab?
To translate lip movements to text with 95% accuracy
What is the main limitation of ELIZA, an early computer program that could engage in conversational exchanges?
It was not capable of complex linguistic understanding
What is the primary function of SHRDLU, a computer model developed by Terry Winograd?
To use language to report on its environment and plan actions
What is the minimum amount of audio data required to train the voice replication program developed by Lyrebird?
1 minute
What is the approximate vocabulary and comprehension level of a chimpanzee?
Equivalent to a 2-1/2-year-old child
What is the primary function of syntactic analysis in SHRDLU?
To identify the objects and actions in a sentence
What is the main advantage of SHRDLU over ELIZA?
SHRDLU can use language to report on its environment and plan actions
What is the main challenge in creating a video of Obama using the Lyrebird program?
Translating audio into mouth shapes
What is the primary function of semantic analysis in SHRDLU?
To assign meanings to individual words
What is the main difference between SHRDLU and ELIZA in terms of their ability to process language?
SHRDLU can use language to report on its environment and plan actions, while ELIZA cannot
Explore Chomsky's theory on language acquisition, which suggests that humans are born with a natural ability to learn language. Learn how knowledge storage and algorithmic manipulation play a role in language development.
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