30 Questions
What is the approximate ratio of asymptomatic to symptomatic individuals infected with cholera?
3:100
What is the primary function of the Tcp pili in cholera?
Adhesion
What is the effect of mucinase mutants on the virulence of V. cholerae?
They are less virulent
What is the primary function of the A subunit of cholera toxin?
ADP ribosylase activity
What is the maximum time frame for death to occur if medical treatment is not provided in severe cases of cholera?
3 hours
What is the role of the polar flagellum in V. cholerae?
Motility
What percentage of patients with diarrhoea have bloody diarrhoea?
Approximately 5 to 10%
What is the primary treatment for active disease?
Vancomycin or metronidazole
What is the typical time frame for symptoms to resolve after discontinuing antibiotic treatment?
1-14 days
What is the characteristic of pseudomembranous colitis?
Gray, white, or yellow patches on the mucosa
Why does C difficile disease occur?
When antibiotics disturb the normal flora, allowing overgrowth of C difficile
What is the function of TcdA?
An enterotoxin that causes fluid accumulation in the bowel
What is the function of the tcdC gene?
It encodes a negative regulator
What is the characteristic of the PaLoc in non-toxigenic C. difficile strains?
It is replaced by a short 115 bp sequence
What is the name of the binary toxin described from the C. difficile strain CD 196?
CDT
What is the trend observed in the incidence and severity of CDI over the last decade?
A significant increase in both incidence and severity
What is the function of TcdA and TcdB?
They contribute to the inflammatory response associated with C. difficile disease
In which year was the incidence of C. difficile associated disease reported to be 156.3 per 100,000 persons in Quebec, Canada?
2003
What proportion of strains of C.difficile contain the CDT locus?
6-12.5%
What is the function of TcdA and TcdB?
They act as glycosyltransferases and modify small GTPases
What is the size of the CDT locus?
4.3 kb
What is the name of the pathogenicity locus that comprises five genes?
PaLoc
What is the name of the toxin that is composed of two unlinked proteins, CdtB and CdtA?
Binary toxin
What is the size of the genome of C.difficile strain 630?
4,290,252 nt
What is the primary goal of treatment for cholera?
To consume the same volume of liquid as lost
What is the role of the Zot toxin?
To disrupt tight junctions between mucosal cells
What is the purpose of using suckling mice and rabbit ligated ileal loops?
To study the effect of cholera toxin on the gut
What is the name of the gene that is close to the ctxAB operon?
Ace toxin gene
What is the ideal composition of oral rehydration therapy?
Glucose and salt
Why was it necessary to inhibit stomach acid production in infant rabbits?
To allow infant rabbits to be used as a robust model
Learn about the symptoms and progression of cholera, a rapidly fatal illness that can cause death within hours if left untreated. Understand the severity of the disease and its impact on the human body.
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